Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Reference
1. Vijay K Jain, “Advanced Machining
Process”, Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd,
Mumbai, India, 2007, Chapter 8.
Syllabus
Laser Beam Machining (LBM), Electron Beam
Machining (EBM), Plasma arc Machining
(PAM), Ion beam Machining(IBM) -
Mechanism of metal removal, attributes of
process characteristics on MRR, accuracy etc
and structure of HAZ compared with
conventional process; application,
comparative study of advantages and
limitations of each process.
Laser
Solar energy is about 1 W/mm2.
a laser beam be focused at the diamond
surface
energy density at the diamond surface may
be achieved so high (about 1000 W/mm2)
can melt and even vaporize the diamond
Laser
tremendous amount of energy release is
achieved due to collision of oscillating, high
energy-level atoms
with electromagnetic waves having
resonant frequency.
waves absorb energy from the atoms and
become highly powerful, and are called
MASER (Microwave Amplification by
Stimulated Emission of Radiation)
Laser
LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated
Emission of Radiation
invented by amplifying ordinary light waves
based on similar principle (ie to transmit
light waves with constant frequency and
wavelength without interference).
Laser
Einstein hypothesized
under appropriate conditions, light energy of
a particular frequency can be used to
stimulate the electrons in an atom
to emit additional light with exactly the same
characteristics as the original stimulating
light source.
An atom, initially in any of the excited
states, does not remain forever in that sate
(or energy level).
Laser
Einstein proposed
When an atom at ‘q ’ energy level has light
of right frequency acting on it,
it absorbs photons of that light and the
transition takes place from lower energy
level ‘q ’ to higher energy level ‘p
This phenomenon of the movement of an
atom to the higher energy level is called
absorption
Laser
Transition of an atom from the higher
energy level ‘p ’ back to the lower energy
level ‘q ’ is known as emission.
The emission could be one of the two kinds,
viz spontaneous emission (independent of
light intensity) and stimulated emission
(influenced by the intensity o f light).
Laser
horizontal line : allowed value of energy of
an atom at that energy level.
Let an atom (or molecule) be brought to
high energy level (say, E3) by an outside
energy source (say, heat, light, chemical,
etc).
if it is allowed to decay back to its ground
state energy level (E0),
a photon (unit of light) is released
Laser
If this photon comes in contact with another
molecule or atom at high energy level (E3)
Then this atom will also decay back to
ground state releasing another ‘photon’.
This chain of events would produce photons
having same characteristics (viz
wavelength, phase, direction and energy).
This sequence of triggering clone photons
from stimulated atoms (or molecules) is
known as stimulated emission.
Laser
Stimulated emission forms the basis of laser
operation.
This process is reverse of the one in which
photons (or electromagnetic waves) are
absorbed by atomic system.
Further, to produce a working laser, the
energy source should be so .powerful that
most of the atoms (or molecules) of the
lasing material are at their higher energy
level.
Laser
It is known as population inversion and
refers to the population of atoms/molecules
in the lasering material
Feedback mechanism is an essential
element of the laser producing system.
It captures and redirects a part of the
coherent photons back into the active
medium.
These photons further stimulate the
emission of some more photons of the
same frequency and phase.
Laser
This mechanism also permits a small
percentage of coherent photons to exit the
system in the form of laser light.
This laser light is utilized for various useful
purposes
Rest of the photons remain in the system
and are responsible to maintain the
amplification process through stimulated
emission.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF LASER BEAM MACHINING