Oxidation and Hot

Corrosion
Dr. Ambrish Singh

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 How to determine whether a material
has good oxidation resistance or not ?
It can be determined using :
Pilling Bedworth Ratio
R=(W/D)/(w/d)
W= Molecular weight of oxide
D= Density of oxide
w= Molecular weight of metal getting oxidised
d= Density of Metal

 Means if the volume of oxide is more then it will cover the

entire surface, if less cannot cover.

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 Defects in Metal Oxide
Some defects found in metal-oxides are:

1. Point Defects (Vacancy/Ions in IP)

2. Line Defects (Dislocation)
3. Surface Defects (Grain Boundary)
4. Volume Defects (Void)

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 Point Defects
Most metal-oxides are ionic (cationic/anionic)
in nature.
 Sum of cationic charges = sum of anionic
charges.
 Electroneutrality should always be
maintained.

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 Point Defects
It is of two types :
1.Stoichiometric defects
1. Schottky
2. Frenkel
2.Non-Stoichiometric defects
1. P-type
2. N-type

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 Schottky Defects

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 Frenkel Defects

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 P-type and N-type Defects

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 Hot Corrosion
This type of corrosion usually takes place at very
high temperatures ~500-700 oC.

DURING COMBUSTION in the gas turbine, sulfur

from the fuel reacts with sodium chloride from
ingested air at elevated temperatures to form
sodium sulfate. The sodium sulfate then deposits
on the hot-section components, such as nozzle
guide vanes and rotor blades, resulting in
accelerated oxidation (or sulfidation) attack. This is
commonly referred to as “hot corrosion.”
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 Radiation Air/ Gas
Sunlight Temperature
Humidity, PO2,
Material Salt content

Soil Degradation Aqueous

Temperature, environment
Acidic, PO2, Temperature,
Bacteria ph, [O2], [Cl-],
flow velocity,
conductivity

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 Degradation of composites,
polymers and ceramics

Materials

Metals/Alloys Non-Metals

Ceramics Polymers
Composites

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 THANK YOU

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