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Introducción

a la Teoría No
Cooperativa
de Juegos
Juegos en forma estratégica
El Dilema del Prisionero
Delatar No Delatar

Delatar -10 -10 0 -15

No
-15 0 -1 -1
Delatar
El equilibrio de Nash

M. Davis (1986). “Introducción a la teoría de juegos”.


Alianza Editorial.
R. Gibbons (1992). “Un primer curso de teoría de juegos”.
Antoni Bosch. (www.antonibosch.com).
M.J. Osborne and A. Rubinstein (1994). “A course in game
theory”. The MIT Press.
“Much of the modern literature in economics (and related
disciplines) takes the following form: A social situation is
modelled, as a non-cooperative game, the Nash equilibria
of the game are computed, and their properties are
translated into insights into the original problem.”
H.W. Kuhn, J.C. Harsanyi, R. Selten, J.W. Weibull, E. van Damme, J.F.
Nash and P. Hammerstein (1996). “The work of John Nash in game
theory”. Journal of Economic Theory 69, 153-185.

“During the past two decades non-cooperative game theory


has become a central topic in economic theory. Many
scholars have contributed to this revolution, none more
than John Nash.”
A. Rubinstein (1995). “John Nash: The master of economic modeling”.
Scandinavian Journal of Economics 97, 9-13.
La Batalla de los Sexos
Cine Teatro

Cine 4 3 2 2

Teatro 1 1 3 4
P I
P -1 1 1 -1 Matching No tiene
I 1 -1 -1 1
Pennies equilibrios de
Nash
P I L
P -1 1 1 -1 0 0 (L,L) es un
I 1 -1 -1 1 0 0 equilibrio de
Nash
L 0 0 0 0 0 0
Edgar Allan Poe
“La carta robada”
Teorema de Nash
Todo juego finito en forma
estratégica en el que los
jugadores pueden elegir loterías
sobre sus conjuntos de
estrategias tiene al menos un
equilibrio de Nash.
La Paradoja de la Instigación
LADRÓN (L)
D ND
V Duerme B B=Botín
Roba C=Cárcel R B -P -C M
V No Duerme -C

No Roba 0 NR 0 S 0 0

VIGILANTE (V) El único equilibrio de Nash de


L No Roba S
este juego es:
Duerme (S/(S+P+M),(P+M) /(S+P+M))
L Roba -P (C/(C+B),B/(C+B))
L No Roba 0 S=Siesta
No
Duerme P=Paro
L Roba M M=Medalla
INSTIGACIÓN CONSECUENCIA

C más L roba lo mismo


grande V duerme más

P, M más L roba menos


grandes V duerme lo mismo

(S/(S+P+M),C/(C+B)) es el único equilibrio de Nash.


El lanzamiento del sistema exafónico
M A
M A M A
M 110 30 80 60
M 60 20 20 60 M 160 40 140 60
A 70 70 90 50
A 70 10 50 30 A 70 130 130 70
((2/5,3/5),(1/5,4/5))
PEQUEÑO 1/2 GRANDE 1/2 V=86

MM MA AM AA
MM MA AM AA
MM 110 30 110 30 80 60 80 60
M 110 30 110 30 80 60 80 60
MA 75 65 95 45 45 95 75 65

A 70 70 90 50 70 70 90 50 AM 115 25 105 35 105 35 95 45

AA 70 70 90 50 70 70 90 50

86 80 95
Refinamientos del equilibrio de Nash
• R. Selten (1975). “Reexamination of the perfectness
concept for equilibrium points in extensive games”.
International Journal of Game Theory 4, 25-55.
• E. Van Damme (1991). “Stability and Perfection of Nash
Equilibria”. Springer Verlag.

I D (2,2)
A
A 10 10 0 10 (3,1)
1 A
a 10 0 1 1 a
2
a (0,0)
(a,D) es el único equilibrio
de Nash razonable. (a,A) es el único equilibrio
de Nash razonable.
El modelo de duopolio de Cournot

En un monopolio...
El Modelo de Duopolio de Stackelberg
x1 x2 x1  x2 H1 ( x1 , x2 ) H 2 ( x1 , x2 ) H1  H 2

1 1
MONOPOLIO (a-c) (a-c) 2
2 4
1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
COURNOT (a-c) (a-c) (a-c) (a-c) (a-c) (a-c) 2
3 3 3 9 9 9
1 1 3 1 2 1 2 3
STACKELBERG (a-c) (a-c) (a-c) (a-c) (a-c) (a-c) 2
2 4 4 8 16 16

Al contrario que en el lanzamiento del sistema


exafónico, aquí es bueno ser el líder.
R. Gibbons (1992). “Un primer curso de teoría de
juegos”. Antoni Bosch. (www.antonibosch.com).
F. Patrone, I. García-Jurado and S. Tijs (2000).
“Game Practice: Contributions from Applied
Game Theory”. Kluwer Academic Publishers.

• P. Borm and B. van der Genutgen. “On the


exploitation of casino games: how to
distinguish between games of chance and
games of skill?”
• A. Roth. “Game theory as a tool for market
design.”
• E. van Damme. “The Dutch DCS-1800
auction.”
P. Borm and B. van der Genutgen. “On the exploitation of casino games: how to
distinguish between games of chance and games of skill?”

...it is not allowed to: exploit games with monetary prizes if the
participants in general do not have a dominant influence on the
probability to win, unless in compliance to this act, a license is
granted...
Dutch Gaming Act

• In practice the Dutch state only grants such a license to its own Holland
Casino’s foundation.
• The formulation of the Gaming Act clearly implies that skill should be
considered relatively with respect to chance.
• If it would be possible to rank a broad class of games with chance
elements by means of an operational and objective criterium which
quantifies the level of skill relatively to chance, e.g. on a scale from zero
to one, the legislator would be able to decide on a certain bound on the
level of skill, below which a game should be considered as a game of
chance.
• Game of chance: it needs a license according to the Gaming Act.
Game of skill: all the other games.
• Jugador principiante: juega el juego de un modo ingenuo, del
modo en que lo jugaría alguien que acaba de conocer las reglas.
• Jugador avanzado real: juega el juego de un modo óptimo.
• Jugador avanzado virtual: juega el juego de un modo óptimo
y conoce de antemano el resultado de todos los elementos del
juego en los que interviene el azar.

• La legislación se refiere únicamente a la explotación de


juegos con premios en metálico.
• Efecto del aprendizaje: Es el resultado esperado de un jugador
avanzado real (AR), menos el resultado esperado de un jugador
principiante (P).
• Efecto del azar: Es el resultado esperado de un jugador
avanzado virtual (AV), menos el resultado esperado de un
jugador avanzado real (AR).
A. Roth. “Game theory as a tool for market design.”

• Market design concerns the creation of a venue for


buyers and sellers, and a format for transactions.
• Game theorists have taken the lead in designing a
number of different kinds of markets. Perhaps the
three best known of these are auction markets for
radio spectrum licenses, spot markets for electric
power, and labor market clearinghouses.
• My own experience in market design has been
with entry-level professional labor markets. Since
1998, the vast majority of jobs for new physicians
in the US (about 20,000 per year) are filled by a
clearinghouse whose design I directed.
Problema Básico de Asignación
En un problema básico de asignación siempre existe
una asignación estable. Algoritmo de Gale y Shapley
(1962).
Complejidades del mercado médico:
1. Plazas con prerrequisitos.
2. Asignación en problemas con parejas.
E. van Damme. “The Dutch DCS-1800 auction.”

“In the case of radio spectrum auctions in the United


States, the federal government used to give away
licenses, but was ordered by Congress to sell them, both
to raise revenue and to promote efficient use.” A. Roth.

“In February 1998 the Dutch government auctioned


licenses to operate mobile telecommunications networks
according to the DCS-1800 technology. Two “national”
licenses and sixteen “regional” ones were auctioned by
using a variant of the simultaneous, multiple round
auction that was proposed by US-economists and that had
been tested in the US. This paper describes how the
decision to auction came about, it details the auction rules,
and it analizes the resulting outcomes.” E. van Damme.
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Introducción
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Cooperativa
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