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foundations
Types of footing
ISOLATED FOOTING
Size of footing
Depth at footing
Depth of footing edge
Nominal and effective cover
Development length
Minimum and maximum steel
Spacing of bars and stirrups
Reinforcement
Long and short direction
In short direction larger steel area is needed in the central portion and is given by
Ast ,centralband 2
Ast ,total, shortdirection ( L / B) 1
f s .φ s
4τ
Development length= Ldt= = Ldt=
bd
400
400
CROSS SECTION 4- #16
2700
3000 mm
GROUND LEVEL
4- #16
DEPTH OF
#6@220
FOUNDATION
#20@250 2700
≥ 500 mm
Ldt L dc
150 min.
75 300 min.
Ldt LEVELLING COURSE
75 PLAN
SECTIONAL ELEVATION
400
300
CROSS SECTION
GROUND LEVEL
DEPTH OF 6- #20
FOUNDATION #8@200
#16@200
≥ 500 mm
Ldt L dc
75
75 300 min.
Ldt LEVELLING COURSE PLAN
75
SECTIONAL ELEVATION
300
CROSS SECTION
3200
GROUND LEVEL
DEPTH OF 6- #20
FOUNDATION #8@200
≥ 500 mm #16@200
2200
Ldt L dc
75
75 300 min.
Ldt LEVELLING COURSE
75 EB CB= 2200 EB
SECTIONAL ELEVATION
PLAN
Dowel bars or
starter bars
(At least 0.5% of the cross section
area of the column or pedestal
with min 4 bars of 12mm dia.)
DEPTH OF
LAP
FOUNDATION
≥ 500 mm #16@200
Ldt L dc
75
75 300 min .
Ldt LEVELLING COURSE
75
SECTIONAL ELEVATION
Minimum reinforcement and spacing shall be as per the requirements of solid slab.
0.15% - Fe 250
The spacing of the bars for main tensile reinforcement in solid slab shall be not more than thrice the
effective depth of slab or 450 mm, whichever is smaller.
The spacing of the distribution bars or the spacing of the bars provided against shrinkage and
temperature shall not be more than 5 times the effective depth of slab or 450 mm, whichever is
smaller.
Detailing
For combined footing, detailing of longitudinal and transverse bars is similar to that of beams.
PROPERTY LINE
PROPERTY LINE
RECTANGULAR TRAPEZOIDAL
PROPERTY LINE
Design Aspects:
Two alternative theories Truss Theory and Beam Theory are used for Design of Pile caps.
When Shear span/depth ratio (av /d) < 0.6, Truss action.
When Shear span/depth ratio (av /d) > 2.0, Beam action.
In truss action Tensile force between pile head is taken by Load transfer in thick pile caps
reinforcement, so great care should be taken to tie the
end of reinforcement.
In beam action tensile reinforcement at the bottom act like the tension
reinforcement.
SINGLE PILE
≥ 300 mm
and turned back at the level of bottom
reinforcement.
5) Reinforcement from the pile extended into
the pile cap for its full Ld in compression.
6) Top steel provided as compression steel
(Required by calculation).
7) Link to the column bars.
8) Link to the pile reinforcement.