Transport

Phenomena

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Ta
Temp, (T)

W H
k23
k01 “23”
“01” k12
“12” Tb
O 𝒙𝟎 ∆x 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑

Shell of thickness ∆x
Distance, (x)
Temperature Profile
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Consider a composite wall made of three

materials as shown let us consider the three
material as “01” , “12” , “23” respectively
from left to right

Thickness of material “01” = 𝒙𝟏 – 𝒙𝟎

Thickness of material “12”= 𝒙𝟐 – 𝒙𝟏

Thickness of material “23” = 𝒙𝟑 – 𝒙𝟐

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Thermal conductivities of composite materials

Thermal conductivity of material “01” = 𝒌𝟎𝟏

Thermal conductivity of material “12”=𝒌𝟏𝟐

Thermal conductivity of material “23”= 𝒌𝟐𝟑

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At 𝑥 = 𝑥0 ,the left side of the composite wall

(material “01”) is in the contact with a fluid with
temperature = Ta

At 𝑥 = 𝑥3 , the right side of the composite wall

(material “23”) is in contact with a fluid at
temperature = Tb
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Select a rectangular shell of thickness “∆x” in

the “01” material as shown.

We are only considering one portion i.e.; only

“01” material to apply heat balance so we
select the shell in “01”.

Similarly we can do for other shells as well.

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The various contributions to the energy balance

as in “01” material are

Rate of heat in at 𝑥 = 𝑞𝑥 01|𝑥 ∗ (𝑊𝐻)

(as 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 = 𝑞 = 𝑄/𝐴 , 𝑊 ∗ 𝐻 = 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎)

Rate of heat out at 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 = 𝑞𝑥01|x+∆x ∗ (𝑊𝐻)

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Rate of heat production = 0

We know the steady-state energy balance is

Rate of heat in – rate of heat out + rate of

heat production = 0 ---- (i)

Putting values in equation (i), we have

𝑞𝑥01 𝑥 ∗ 𝑊𝐻 − 𝑞 𝑥
01
𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ∗ 𝑊𝐻 = 0
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𝑞𝑥01 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ∗ 𝑊𝐻 − 𝑞𝑥 01 𝑥 ∗ 𝑊𝐻 = 0

dividing throughout by (𝑊𝐻∆𝑥),we have

{(𝑞𝑥01 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ∗ 𝑊𝐻 − 𝑞𝑥
01
𝑥 ∗ 𝑊𝐻 }
= 0
(𝑊𝐻∆𝑥)

𝑞𝑥01|𝑥 + ∆𝑥 −
𝑞𝑥01|𝑥
= 0
∆𝑥
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taking 𝐿𝑖𝑚∆𝑥→0, we have

Lim ∆x→0(𝑞𝑥01|𝑥 + ∆𝑥
− 𝑞𝑥
01| )⁄∆x= 0
x

(Lim ∆X→0 qx01)|x + ∆x - Lim ∆X→0 (qx01|x)/ ∆X = 0

𝑑𝑞𝑥01
𝑑𝑥 = 0
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Integration, we have

∫ 𝑑𝑞𝑥01 = ∫ 0. 𝑑𝑥

𝑞𝑥 01 = 𝑞0 ----- (ii)

Where q0= constant and it is heat flux at 𝑥 =

𝑥0similarly for “12”and “23” materials
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𝑞𝑥12 = 𝑞0 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑞𝑥 23 = 𝑞0

𝑞𝑥01 = 𝑞𝑥 12 = 𝑞𝑥 23 = 𝑞0

We know from Fourier's law

𝑞𝑥01 = −𝑘01 𝑑𝑇01/𝑑𝑥

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Putting in equation (ii)we have

−𝑘01 𝑑𝑇01/𝑑𝑥 = 𝑞0
Integrating between the limits, we have

𝑑𝑇01 = −𝑞0/𝑘01 𝑑𝑥

𝑇𝑜 𝑞0 𝑥0
∫𝑇 𝑑𝑇 01 =-
𝑘01 ∫𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
1 1

𝑇0 − 𝑇1 = − 𝑞0 (𝑥0 − 𝑥1) ---(iii)

𝑘01
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Similarly , we have
𝑇1 − 𝑇2 = − 𝑞0 (𝑥 − 𝑥2) ---(iv)
12 1
𝑘
And
𝑇2 – 𝑇3 = − 𝑞0 (𝑥 – 𝑥3) ---(v)
23 2
𝑘

Also we have two equations

First heat transfer of the fluid at 𝑇𝑎
to the surface of wall
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𝐴𝑡 𝑇0: 𝑞0 = ℎ0 (𝑇𝑎 – 𝑇0)

2nd heat transfer of the surface of the wall at 𝑇3 to
the fluid at 𝑇𝑏:
𝑞3 = ℎ3 (𝑇3 – 𝑇𝑏 )

𝑞0 = ℎ3 𝑇3 – 𝑇𝑏 𝑎𝑠 𝑞0 = 𝑞3
We can write these as
𝑇𝑎 – 𝑇0 = 𝑞0
ℎ0
-----(vi)

𝑇3 – 𝑇𝑏 = 𝑞0 -----(vii)
ℎ3
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Where h0= heat transfer coefficient from the

fluidto surface respectively at 𝑇𝑎 and 𝑇0

And ℎ3=heat transfer coefficient from the solid

surface at 𝑇3 to the fluid at 𝑇𝑏

Adding equ(iii),(iv),(v),(vi)& (vii) we have

(𝑇0 – 𝑇1) + (𝑇1 – 𝑇2) + (𝑇2 – 𝑇3 ) + (𝑇𝑎 – 𝑇0 ) + (𝑇3 – 𝑇𝑏 )

= − 𝑞0/ 𝑘01(𝑥0 – 𝑥1) – 𝑞0/𝑘12(𝑥1 – 𝑥2) − 𝑞0/𝑘23(𝑥2 – 𝑥3)
+ 𝑞0/ℎ0 + 𝑞0/ℎ3
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𝑇0 – 𝑇1 + 𝑇1 – 𝑇2 + 𝑇2 – 𝑇3 + 𝑇𝑎 – 𝑇0 + 𝑇3 – 𝑇𝑏
𝑥0 – 𝑥1 𝑥1 – 𝑥2 𝑥2 – 𝑥3 1 1
= 𝑞0 − − − + +
𝑘01 𝑘12 𝑘23 ℎ0 ℎ3

1 𝑥1 – 𝑥0 𝑥2 – 𝑥1 𝑥3 – 𝑥2 1
𝑇𝑎 – 𝑇𝑏 = 𝑞0( + + + + )
ℎ𝑜 𝑘01 𝑘12 𝑘23 ℎ3

𝑇𝑎 – 𝑇𝑏
𝑞0 =
1 3 𝑥 – 𝑥𝑖 1
( + σ𝑖=1 𝑖 𝑖 1,−𝑖 1 + )
ℎ𝑜 𝑘 − ℎ3
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𝑇𝑎 – 𝑇𝑏
𝑞0 =
1/𝑈

𝑞0 = 𝑈 𝑇𝑎 – 𝑇𝑏

in term of heat rate

𝑄0 = 𝑞0 ∗ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑄0 = 𝑈(𝑇𝑎 − 𝑇𝑏 ) ∗ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑄0 = 𝑈(𝑊𝐻)𝑇𝑎 – 𝑇𝑏
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