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Question Hypothesis
• If I place a fake snake by the pool,
• How do I get rid of pigeons? then the pigeons will go away
because they are afraid of snakes.
• Does water help a plant to • If water is related to plant grow,
grow? then the more you water plants,
the bigger they will grow
because water increases
plant cell reproduction.
QUESTION
ANALYSIS CONCLUSION
In the table below, mention three differences between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell and give at least two examples of these:
2. 2.
3. 3.
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
1. 1.
2. 2.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS CELL RESPIRATION PRODUCER CONSUMER
PHOTOSYNTHESIS CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Type of organism in
which occurs
Type of cell in
which occurs
Organelle in which
occurs
Purpose of the
process
CHLOROPLAST MITOCONDRIA
BIOME WEATHER LOCATION PLANTS ANIMALS
DESERT
DECIDUOUS FOREST
GRASSLAND
TAIGA
TUNDRA
TROPICAL RAINFOREST
MOVEMENT OF ENERGY IN ECOSYSTEMS
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis-starts to ecological food webs!
Where does photosynthesis occur?
Photosynthesis
sunlight
Carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen
absorbed by chlorophyll
Heterotrophs
AND
Autotrophs
respiration
What is respiration?
Respiration is the process that the body uses to release energy
from digested food (glucose):
useful!
from the from the waste waste
digestive breathing product product
system system exhaled exhaled
This type of respiration is called aerobic respiration because energy is released with oxygen.
Nutrients + Oxygen Water + Energy (ATP) + Carbon Dioxide
grass-
hopper
food
grass
FOOD CHAINS LEVELS
eagle
cannot make
Since they _______ snake
their own food, they must
consume other
eat or “________”
organisms. frog
Decomposers: are
frog eat
detritus organisms that ___
detritus and break it
_______
grass- down into ________.
hopper nutrients
decomposers
grass
Nutrients: are substances
needed for an organism’s
The cycle restarts. nutrients ______
growth and _____.
repair
small fish
zooplankton
phytoplankton
aquatic ecosystems.
Food chains can occur in _______
FOOD CHAINS aquatic ecosystems.
Food chains can occur in _______
Bacteria in these vents form the basis of vent octopus
food chains in the same way as phytoplankton secondary
and plants do in other ecosystems. consumer
crab
Primary consumer
chemo-autotrophic
bacteria
producer
Hydrothermal Vent Organisms
FOOD WEBS
eagle shark
On land, the first
trophic level begins
snake plants
with ______. larger fish
grass phytoplankton
TROPHIC LEVELS
As organisms eat one another,
energy
______ is transferred up the food
eagle 0.1 kcal chain.
trophic levels.
3) Pyramid of Numbers:
Total
population
This pyramid indicates the of tertiary
consumers.
_________ of individuals
population
at each trophic level. Total population of
secondary
The typical pyramid of consumers.
decreases as you
numbers _________
move up trophic levels. Total population of
primary consumers.
This occurs when many
_____ and _________
small numerous
producers feed a smaller
______ Total population of producers.
number of consumers.
3) Pyramid of Numbers: Total
population
of tertiary
However, when the consumers.
producers are ____
large , and are
fewer in number than the
_____ Total population of
primary consumers, secondary
consumers.
the pyramid looks like this.
Total population of
primary consumers.
Total
population
of
producers.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/three-types-of-ecological-
Study control
LINE 1 LINE 2
1. In a food chain or food web, what does the arrows 1. In an ecological pyramid, what happens to
represent? energy, biomass and # of species as you move up?
2. For the given animals draw a food web using just Why?
the name.
• Grass is a producer 2. For the given animals draw a energy pyramid
using just the name.
• Snakes that eat mice
• Toads that eat beetles Grass - Snakes - Toads - Rabbits – Mice – Beetles –
Deer - Owls - Foxes – Cougars (pumas) - Eagles
• Rabbits, mice, beetles and deer all eat grass
• Owls eat mice and toads Label each trophic level as it corresponds
• Foxes eat rabbits and mice
• Cougars (pumas) eat deer
• Eagles eat rabbits, snakes, owls and mice
Label each organism as: Producer/consumer -
Heterotroph/autotroph - IF it is a consumer, label is
as: primary, secondary or tertiary consumer
Atmosphere
Biosphere
The biogeochemical cycle
involves the movement of
elements and compounds
among the land (lithosphere),
Hydrosphere organisms, air (atmosphere)
and the oceans (hydrosphere).
Lithosphere
Human activities can affect
these cycles
1. The biogeochemical cycle is the continuous flow of
elements and compounds between organisms and the
earth
2. The ocean plays a role in the biogeochemical cycle for
elements including carbon and nitrogen
3. As part of the carbon cycle, carbon dissolves into the
surface ocean from the atmosphere and is used for
photosynthesis
How do elements move through the biogeochemical cycle?
Elements travel
among air, land and sea
through
physical processes
Organisms use
elements as
nutrients
and put
nutrients back
into the
environment
The process of evaporation from plants is called transpiration.
(In other words, it’s like plants sweating.)
Hydrological Cycle
(water cycle)
1. Reservoir – oceans, air (as water vapor), groundwater,
lakes and glaciers; evaporation, wind and
precipitation (rain) move water from oceans
to land
2. Assimilation – plants absorb water from the ground,
animals drink water or eat other organisms
which are composed mostly of water
3. Release – plants transpire, animals breathe and expel
liquid wastes
Carbon Cycle
Carbon Cycle
(carbon is required for building organic compounds)
1. Reservoir – atmosphere (as CO2), fossil fuels (oil, coal),
durable organic materials (for example:
cellulose).
2. Assimilation – plants use CO2 in photosynthesis; animals
consume plants.
3. Release – plants and animals release CO2 through
respiration and decomposition; CO2 is
released as wood and fossil fuels are burned.
Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
(Nitrogen is required for the manufacture of amino acids and nucleic acids- DNA)
1. Reservoir – atmosphere (as N2); soil (as NH4+ )or ammonium, NH3 or
ammonia, N02- or nitrite, N03- or nitrate
2. Assimilation – plants absorb nitrogen as either NH4+ or as N03-, animals obtain
nitrogen by eating plants and other animals. The stages in the
assimilation of nitrogen are as follows:
Nitrogen Fixation: N2 to NH4+ by nitrogen-fixing bacteria (prokaryotes in the
soil and root nodules), N2 to N03- by lightning and UV radiation.
Nitrification: NH4+ to N02- and N02- to N03- by various nitrifying bacteria.
3. Release – Denitrifying bacteria convert N03- back to N2 (denitrification);
detrivorous bacteria convert organic compounds back to NH4+
(ammonification); animals excrete NH4+ (or NH3) urea, or uric acid.
Phosphorus Cycle
Phosphorus Cycle
1. Reservoir – erosion transfers phosphorus to water and soil; sediments and rocks that
accumulate on ocean floors return to the surface as a result of uplifting by geological
processes
2. Assimilation – plants absorb inorganic PO43- (phosphate) from soils; animals obtain
organic phosphorus when they eat plants and other animals
3. Release – plants and animals release phosphorus when they decompose; animals
excrete phosphorus in their waste products
Sulfur Cycle
Sulfur (s) Cycle
Component of protein
Cycles in both a gas and sedimentary cycle.
The source of Sulfur is the lithosphere (earth's crust)
Sulfur (S) enters the atmosphere as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) during fossil fuel
combustion, volcanic eruptions, gas exchange at ocean surfaces, and decomposition.
SO2 and water vapor makes H2SO4 ( a weak sulfuric acid), which is then carried to
Earth in rainfall.
Sulfur in soluble form is taken up by plant roots and incorporated into amino acids
such as cysteine. It then travels through the food chain and is eventually released
through decomposition.
Oxygen Cycle (Photosynthesis)
Sources of Oxygen: