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1. Fuse: a fuse is protective device used for protecting cables and electrical
equipment against overloads and short circuits. It breaks the circuit under fault
conditions.
2. Fuse element: it is that part of the circuit which melts when flowing through it
exceeds the predetermined value.
3. Current Rating or Current Capacity of Fuse: it defines the
maximum amount of current a fuse can hold without blowing or
melting. This is usually mentioned in Amperes i.e. 2A, 4A, 600A
etc.
4. Minimum Fusing Current: It is minimum value of current due to
which fuse melts.
5. Fusing Factor: This is the ratio of minimum fusing current and
current rating of fuse. The value of fusing factor is always more
than 1.
6. Prospective Current in Fuse: Before melting, the fuse element
has to carry the short circuit current through it. The prospective
current is defined as the value of current which would flow through
the fuse immediately after a short circuit occurs in the network.
7. Cut off current: the current at which the fuse element melts.
8. Pre-arcing Time of Fuse: This is the time taken by a fuse wire to get
broken by melting. It gets counted from the instant; the over current starts
flowing through the fuse, to the instant when fuse wire gets just broken by
melting.
9. Arcing Time of Fuse: After breaking of fuse wire there will be an arcing
between both melted tips of the wire which will be extinguished at the
current zero. The time accounted from the instant of arc initiated to the
instant of the arc gets extinguished is known as arcing time of fuse.
10. Operating Time of Fuse: Operating time of fuse is the time gap between
the instant when the overrated current starts to flow through the fuse and
the instant when the arc in fuse finally gets extinguished.
11. Breaking Capacity of Fuse: Breaking Capacity of the Fuse is also known
as the Interrupting Rating or Short Circuit Rating. Breaking Capacity will
specify the maximum safe current that the fuse can interrupt at a voltage
less than the maximum rated voltage.
Application of HRC fuse
The propagates upward from the ground to the cloud following the
same path as the main channel of the downward leader.
The charge distributed along the leader is the bus
discharge progressively to the ground giving rise to the
very large currents associated with lighting discharge.
The conventional direction of the current in the
stepped leader and streamer are the same.
The current varies between 1KA and 2ooKA and the
velocity of propagation of the streamer is about 10 per
cent that of light .
Its here that the negative charge of the cloud is being
neutralized by the positive induced charge on the
ground.
This instant which gives rise of the lighting flash
which is visible with our naked eye.
After the neutralization of the negative charge on the cloud
any further discharge from the cloud on the cloud may
have to originate from another charge center with in the
cloud near the already neutralized charge center,
Such a discharge from another charge center will, however,
make use of the already ionised path.
And consequently it will have a single branch and
will be associated with a high current .
This streamer of discharge is called a dart leader as
shown in fig(c) .
The velocity of propagation of the dart leader is
about 3 per cent that of light.
The dart leader can cause more severe damage
than the return stroke.
Wave shape of voltage due to lightning
Lighting sets up steep-fronted, unidirectional voltage
waves which can be represented as the difference of two
exponentials
v=v(e^-at –e^-bt)……1
Where a and b are constants which determine the shape
and v is magnitude of the steep voltage and v is equal to the
crest(peak) value of the impulse voltage wave
The steep is depends on whether the surge in is induced or
is the result of a direct stroke
The wave shape is generally defined in terms of the times t1
and t2 in microseconds .where t1 is the time taken by the
voltage wave front to reach its peak value , and t2 is the
time taken for the tail to fall to 50 percent of the peak
value.
PROTECTION OF TRANSMISSION LINES AGAINST DIRECT
LIGHTNING STROKES
Vtower=Istroke*R1
If this voltage is less than that required for
insulator flash over may take place resulting in its
damage . hence the footing resistance of the tower
should be kept as low as possible to limit the value
of voltage which will avoid flash over of insulator.
It is important to consider that the voltage to
which the tower is raised during lightning
stroke ,is not dependent on the system voltage.
Figure shows one ground wire and one
conductor :
REQUIREMENTS OF GROUND WIRE:
The ground wires used for protection of
transmission line should be mechanically strong
and should be suitably located to provide the
protection .
There must be sufficient clearance B/W power
line conductors and ground wire for the given
system voltage.
The footing resistance of the tower should be
as low as possible and economically justifiable.
GROUND RODS:
It is used for lowering footing resistance of the tower . these rods
are put into the ground surrounding the tower structure .
The variation of ground resistance with driven depth (length) for
various size rods is shown in figure .
The thickness of the ground rod has no effect in reducing the
ground resistance .the length of the rod plays major role .hence long
rods which are thin or many small rods may be used.
COUNTERPOISES:
A counterpoises is a galvanised steel wire which
either run in parallel , radial or a combination
of two, with respect to overhead line. Its
various configurations are shown in figure,
ADVANTAGES OF GROUND WIRE:
Direct lightning strokes on the transmission line are well protected by
ground wire.
There is damping effect of the ground wire on the disturbance
travelling along the line as it acts as a short circuited secondary.
for external fields , it provides electrostatic shields to certain extent
which reduces the voltage induced in the line conductors due to
discharge of a neighbouring cloud.