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Methods
Section
Ma. Lourdes G. Olegario
Instructor
▪ The methods section describes the rationale for
the application of specific procedures or
techniques used to identify, select, and analyze
information applied to understanding the
research problem.
▪ It answers two main questions:
How was the data collected or generated?
How was it analyzed?
participants in the
study
Ex: adolescents with
eating disorders in
National University STUDY POPULATION
SAMPLE TARGET POPULATION
research study
Ex: 10% of the people
with eating disorders in
National University
STUDY POPULATION
SAMPLING – the process of selecting
individuals for a study
Probability Sampling - the entire
population is known; every individual
has an equal opportunity for selection
Nonprobability Sampling - the population is
not completely known; the samples are
gathered in a process that does not give all
the individuals in the population equal
chances of being selected
Types of Probability Sampling
1. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
each individual in the population has an equal and
independent chance of being selected
the process of simple random sampling consists of
the following steps:
1) clearly define the population from which you
want to select a sample
2) list all the members of the population
3) using a random process, select individuals from
the list
2. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
sample is obtained by selecting
every nth participant for a list
containing the total population,
after a random start
Ex: every 5th child in a class
3. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
a sampling technique wherein the subjects are
initially grouped into different classifications such
as age, socioeconomic status or gender; then, the
researcher randomly selects the final list of
subjects from the different strata
Steps in the process
1. identify the specific subgroups (or strata) to be
included in the sample
2. select equal random samples from each of the
pre-identified subgroups
3. combine the subgroup samples into one overall
sample
Ex: selecting 25 men and 25 women from an individual class
4. CLUSTER SAMPLING
is done when simple random sampling is
almost impossible because of the size of the
population. (Just imagine doing a simple
random sampling when the population in
question is the entire population of Manila)
Ex: selecting students from 10 classes instead
of selecting 300 students one at a time
5. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
researchers simply use as
participants those individuals
who are easy to get
Ex: individual students or
volunteers
SAMPLE SIZE
Use this online Sample Size Calculator:
http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html
where:
5% margin of error
90% confidence level
50% response distribution
Define the target population
Steps in the
Selection of a Select a sampling frame
Sample
Probability or Nonprobability?
A set of Questions
designed to generate
the statistical
information from a
specific demographic
needed to accomplish
the research objectives
Designing the Questionnaire
▪ Plan what to measure.
▪ Design on format.
personal interview
telephone interview