Basic Chemistry

Model and Theory of Atom

Ersan Y. Muslih, M.Sc. Eng.
 Why It Should be Studied?
• Understanding how the atomic theory develops (part
1)

• Understanding how to study atoms (part 1)

• Understanding the origin of the Periodic Table (part 1)

• Understanding the configuration of atom (part 2)

• Understanding the structure of atom and Periodic

Trends and Patterns (part 2)
Part 1

https://giphy.com/gifs/atom-lyLRTrqRpW8YU
 Development of the Atomic Model
Theory
Democritus (440 BC)

The word of atom is came from the Greek “Atomos”, meaning “not
able to be divided.”

Matter is made of tiny particles we call atoms.

Atom- the smallest unit of an element that maintains the

properties of that element.
 Development of the Atomic Model
Theory
• John Dalton’s Model (1803),
• J.J. Thomson’s Model (1897),
• Rutherford’s Model (1910),
• Bohr’s Model (1913),
• Quantum Mechanics Model (1926).

https://arimustofa.wordpress.com/2016/08/04/teori-atom/
Image Source:
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_University/General_Chemistry%3A_An_Atom
s_First_Approach/Unit_1%3A__Atomic_Struct
ure/Chapter_1%3A_Introduction/Chapter_1.5
%3A_The_Atom
 John Dalton (1803)
• Inspired by two laws:

– Conservation of Mass Law or

Lavoisier Law.

– Definite Portions Law or Proust

Law

John Dalton

Image source: https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton

 Conservation of Mass Law
(Lavoiser’s Law)

Antoine Lavoisier's phlogiston experiment.

Engraving by Mme Lavoisier in the 1780s taken
from Traité élémentaire de chimie (Elementary
treatise on chemistry)
A. Lavoiser

Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier

 Definite Portions Law (Proust’s Law)

Proust

Images Source:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/the-law-of-definite-composition/
https://slideplayer.com/slide/9430491/
 John Dalton Atomic Model

Image Source: https://slideplayer.com/slide/9430491/

 J.J. Thomson (1897)

Crookes and his glowing tubes gained

renown, as shown by this 1902
caricature in Vanity Fair. The caption
read "ubi Crookes ibi lux", which in
Latin means roughly, "Where there is
Crookes, there is light".

J.J. Thomson Crookes

Images Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Thomson
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crookes_tube
 Croockes’s Experiment
Thomson stated that the cathode ray is a
constituent particle of atoms (subatomic
particles) which are negatively charged and
hereinafter called as electrons.

An atom is a neutral particle, because the electrons

are negatively charged, there must be other
particles that are positively charged to neutralize
the negative charge of the electron.

An atom is a solid ball that has a positive

charge and inside it is a negative electron
charge.

Images Source:
https://guide-prof.blogspot.com/2012/01/sejarah-perkembangan-model-atom.html
 Thomson’s Atomic Model

Image Source:
http://thealchemistsgroup1.wikia.com/wiki/History_of_Atomic_Theory_Development_of_the_A
tomic_Model
 Rutherford (1910)

Rutherford

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford
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__Atomic_Structure/Chapter_1%3A_Introduction/Chapter_1.5%3A_The_Atom
 Rutherford’s Experiment

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__Atomic_Structure/Chapter_1%3A_Introduction/Chapter_1.5%3A_The_Atom
 Rutherford’s Experiment
Based on the symptoms that occur, obtained some
conclusions of the following:

The atom consists of a very

small and positively charged
atomic nucleus, surrounded
by negatively charged
electrons.

Image Source:
http://www.justscience.in/articles/what-was-the-rutherfords-atomic-model/2017/06/29
 Rutherford’s Experiment
According to Rutherford’s model, electrons are
orbiting the nucleus ; hence, the direction of
their velocity is constantly changing, i.e., the
electrons are accelerating. This will cause the
electrons to emit or radiate energy; and
consequently, the electrons will have lesser
and lesser energy will get closer and closer to
the nucleus, until at last it spirals into the
nucleus.

Image Source:
http://ask.learncbse.in/t/give-the-drawbacks-of-rutherfords-atomic-model/4432
Niels Bohr
(1914)

Image Source:
Niels Bohr https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr
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https://sites.google.com/a/coe.edu/principles-of-structural-chemistry/relationship-between-light-and-matter/electromagnetic-spectrum
 Niels Bohr’s Atom Model (1914)
Bohr's description of the hydrogen atom involves a combination of
Rutherford's classical theories and quantum theory from Planck, expressed in
four postulates, as follows:
There is only a certain set of orbits that is
permitted for one electron in a hydrogen atom.
This orbit is known as a stationary (persistent)
motion of electrons and is a circular path
around the nucleus.

As long as the electron is in a stationary path,

the electron energy remains so that there is no
energy in the form of radiation emitted or
absorbed.
Electrons can only move from one stationary path to another stationary path. At this
transition, a certain amount of energy is involved, the amount corresponds to the Planck
equation, ΔE = hv.

Image Source: https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktur_atom

 Quantum Mechanic Model Atom
(1927)

Louis de Brogli Werner Heisenberg Erwin Schrodinger

Images Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg
Quantum Mechanic Model Atom
(1927)
 Quantum Mechanic Atom Model

Atomic Radius

https://viziscience.com/chemistry-energy-and-bonds/electron-cloud/
https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/history-of-the-atom-timeline-by-katie-hostetler-and-
melissa-dardenne
 Neutron Discovery

James Chadwick

Images Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_of_the_neutron
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__Atomic_Structure/Chapter_1%3A_Introduction/Chapter_1.5%3A_The_Atom
 Fun Fact

Partikel Lambang Penemu Massa (sma) Massa (kg) Muatan

Proton p Goldstein (1897) 1,00728 1,67265X10-27 +1

James Chadwick
Neutron n 1,00866 1,67495X10-27 0
(1932)

Elektron e J. J Thomson (1897) 0,00055 9,10953X10-31 -1

 Summary

https://kowai.co/periodic-table-of-elements-history-timeline/periodic-table-of-elements-
history-timeline-inspirationa-great-timeline-chemistry-pinterest/
THE HISTORY OF PERIODIC TABLE
 History of Periodic Table
Early chemistry

Stone Age Bronze Age

https://cimuseums.org.uk/project/stone-age-to-iron-age-colchester/
http://www.kerrygems.com/late-bronze-age-2/
 History of Periodic Table
Middle Century

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_chemistry
 History of Periodic Table
The use of symbols is not unique to chemistry.
Symbols can be quite helpful - when you know what they mean.

Arithmetic Money Music

.
+ - x . $ c

A Swedish chemist who invented modern chemical symbols.

Discovered the elements:

silicon, selenium, cerium, and thorium.
Jons Jakob Berzelius
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius
 History of Periodic Table
Chemical Symbols

Gold Silver Iron Copper Lead Tin Mercury

Symbols used in the 16th and 17th Century

Fire Air Earth Water

Alchemical Symbols used in the 15th Century

Brownlee, Fuller, Hancock, Sohon, Whitsit, First Principles of Chemistry, 1931, page 74
 History of Periodic Table
Chemical Symbols

Antimony Water Copper Sulfur Sulfuric acid

Symbols used in the 18th Century

Oxygen Nitrogen Copper C Soda

Hydrogen Sulfur Mercury Potassa

Carbon Silver S Lead L Gold G

Water Carbon dioxide Alcohol

Symbols used by John Dalton

Brownlee, Fuller, Hancock, Sohon, Whitsit, First Principles of Chemistry, 1931, page 74
 History of Periodic Table
1669 - Hennig Brand invented the Philosopher's Stone, which could turn metals
into pure gold. He also discovered phosphorus

1680 - Robert Boyle also discovered phosphorus without knowing about Hennig
Brand's discovery

1809 - About 47 elements had been discovered and named. Scientists began to
see patterns in their atom structures

1817 – Döbereiner was grouping elements. Called as Döbereiner’s Triads

Image Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_D%C3%B6bereiner Johann Döbereiner
 History of Periodic Table
Döbereiner’s Triads

Atomic Atomic Atomic

Name Name Name
Mass Mass Mass

Calcium 40 Chlorine 35.5 Sulfur 32

Barium 137 Iodine 127 Tellurium 127.5

Average 88.5 Average 81.3 Average 79.8

Strontium 87.6 Bromine 79.9 Selenium 79.2

Source: Smoot, Price, Smith, Chemistry A Modern Course 1987, page 161
 History of Periodic Table
1863 - John Newlands organized the 56 then known elements into
eleven separate groups based upon their atom structure

Newlands Law of Octaves

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Li Be B C N O F
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
K John Newlands

Source: Smoot, Price, Smith, Chemistry A Modern Course

1987, page 161

Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Newlands_(chemist)

 History of Periodic Table
1869 - Dimitri Mendellev used John Newlands' grouping and
organized the elements into what is now known as the periodic table.
He used the atomic mass as the primary characteristic to decide
where each element belonged in his table. The elements were
arranged in rows and columns. He even left spaces for elements to be
discovered because of the pattern he saw once he started organizing
those elements known at that that time.

1870 - Lothar Meyer Invented periodic

table independently of Mendeleev . His
work was not published until 1870 - one year
after Mendeleev's

Dimitri Mendeleev
Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev
 History of Periodic Table
MENDELÉEFF'S FIRST TABLE. 1809.

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Popular_Science_Monthly_Volume_59.djvu/169
History of Periodic Table
 History of Periodic Table
1914 – Henry G.J. Moseley Arranged atoms by increasing its number

Elements are arranged in seven horizontal rows, in

order of increasing atomic number from left to right
and from top to bottom.
Rows are called periods and are numbered from
1 to 7.
Elements with similar chemical properties form
vertical columns, called groups, which are
numbered from 1 to 18.
Groups 1, 2, and 13 through 18 are the main
group elements.
Groups 3 through 12 are in the middle of the
periodic table and are the transition elements.
The two rows of 14 elements at the bottom of the
periodic are the lanthanides and actinides. Henry Moseley
Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Moseley
 History of Periodic Table

Periodic Law: The physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of
their atomic numbers.
History of Periodic Table
 Dutch Periodic Table

117 118
116
115

114

113

112

111

110

109

108

107
106

Strong, Journal of Chemical Education, Sept. 1989, page 743

Stowe’s Periodic Table
Benfey’s Periodic Table
PART 2
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION AND
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
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Electron Configuration
De Broglie, in his 1924 PhD thesis, proposed
that just as “Light has both wave-like and
particle-like properties, and electron also have
wave-like properties”.

Schrodinger Proposed an Equation:

 Electron Configuration
The Principal Quantum
number, symbolized as n.
The principal quantum
number can only have
positive integer values.

As n increases, the orbital

becomes larger and the
electron spends more time
farther from the nucleus. As
n increases, the electron is
also at a higher potential
energy and is therefore less
tightly bound to the
nucleus.
 Electron Configuration

Angular Quantum Number (l) Magnetic Quantum

Number (m)

*s = sharp, p = principle, d = diffuse, f = fundamental

 Electron Configuration

Found from observations of

the radiation of silver vapor
passed through magnetic
fields, by Otto Stern and W.
Gerlach.

The Spin Quantum Number ,s is a value (of 1/2) that

describes the angular momentum of an electron. An electron
spins around an axis
and has both angular momentum and orbital angular
momentum.

Because angular momentum is a vector, the Spin Quantum

Number, s has both a magnitude (1/2) and direction (+ or -).
This vector is called the magnetic spin quantum number (ms).
Electron Configuration
Electron Configuration
 Electron Configuration

1s 1
group #
row #
# valence e-
shell #
possibilities are:
possibilities are 1-7
s: 1 or 2
7 rows
subshell p: 1-6
possibilities are d: 1-10
s, p, d, or f f: 1-14
4 subshells Total e- should equal
Atomic #
 Electron Configuration Rules
• The Aufbau Principle
In the ground state of an atom or ion,
electrons fill atomic orbitals of the lowest
available energy levels before occupying
higher levels.

• The Hunds Rule

The rule states that for a given electron
configuration, the lowest energy term is the
one with the greatest value of spin multiplicity.

• The Pauli exclusion principle

It is impossible for two electrons of a poly-
electron atom to have the same values of the
four quantum numbers: the principal quantum
number (n), the angular momentum quantum
number (ℓ), the magnetic quantum number
(m), and the spin quantum number (s).
Electron Configuration
ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND
PERIODIC TRENDS AND PATTERNS
Electron Configuration
 Structure of Atom

Atomic Mass (A)

Atomic mass = mass p + mass n. The mass of an atom is expressed as a mass number
and is denoted by A.

Atomic Number (Z)

The atomic number shows the number of positive charges in the nucleus (the number
of protons). Atomic number = Number of protons = Number of electrons
 Structure of Atom
In atoms that are not neutral (ion-
shaped), the number of protons and
electrons is not the same. If an atom a. Proton Number = Z
loses an electron, the number of b. Electron Number = Z - X
protons is more than the number of c. Neutron Number = A - Z
electrons, so that it forms a positive
ion.

Conversely, if atoms capture

electrons, the number of electrons is a. Proton Number = Z
more than the number of protons, b. Electron Number = Z+Y
so that negative ions are formed. c. Neutron Number = A - Z
 Connection of Electron Configuration with Periodic Teble
Period
Stating the number of atomic skins owned by the element. In
a long periodic system consisting of 7 periods.
1. Short Period = period 1,2,3
2. Long Period = period 4, 5 and 6
3. Complete Period = period 7
Groups
State the number of electrons in the outer shell.
In the modern periodic system consists of 8 main
groups (A) and 8 transitional groups (B).
Main Groups
IA Group = Alkaline Metals Group
IIA Group = Alkaline Earths Group
III A Group = Boron Group
IV A Group = Carbon Group
VA Group = Nitrogen Group
VIA Group = Chalcogen / Oxygen Group
VII A Group = Halogen Group
VIIIA Group = Noble Gas Group

Transition Groups
Lies between IIA and IIIA Groups
Lanthanides Group lies on the next of IIIB Group, at period 6 (from La-57 to
Lu-71)
Actinides Group lies on the next of IIIB Group, at period 7 (from Ac-89 to Lr-
103)
 Example
Na, with atomic number 11, the electron configuration is: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
n = 3, period 3 (M shell).
The valence electrons is 3s, 1 electron, then include in IA group.
 Periodic Trends and Patterns
1. Atomic Radius
The distance from the atomic
nucleus to the outer electron path.
In one period, from left to right the
finger of the atom is reduced.

• In one group, from top to bottom

the radius of the atom increases.

• The neutral atom's radius is

greater than the positive ion
radius but smaller than the
negative ion radius.
 Periodic Trends and Patterns
2. Ionization energy
The energy needed to release the
weakest electron from the atom
of an element or ion in a gas
state.

• In one period, from left to right

the ionization potential increases.

• In one group, the ionization

potential decreases.
 Periodic Trends and Patterns
Electron Affinity Table
3. Electron Affinity
The amount of energy released
when an element's atom is in a
gas state accepts electrons.

• In one period, from left to

right the electron affinity
increases.

• In one group, from top to

bottom the electron affinity
decreases.
 Periodic Trends and Patterns
4. Electronegativity
The ability of an element's
atom to pull electrons Electronegativity Table
towards the core and be used
together.

• In the same period the

electronegative value will
get bigger

• In the same group, the

electronegativity value is
the same will get smaller
Periodic Trends and Patterns
 Quiz
1. Which groups and which blocks, elements with
atomic numbers 24, 30 and 37?