TECTONICS OF PAKISTAN BY ISHFAQ RAIKOTI

TECTONICS OF PAKISTAN
PLATE TECTONICS
Plates are driven by cooling of Earth (convection)
Gravity provides additional force to move plates.

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Modified from USGS Graphics

Convection is like a boiling pot. Heated soup rises to the surface, spreads and begins to cool, and
then sinks back to the bottom of the pot where it is reheated and rises again.
 WHAT ARE THE TECTONIC PLATES?

Lithospheric plate
 The ~100-km-thick surface of the Earth;
 Contains crust and part of the upper mantle;
 It is rigid and brittle;
 Fractures to produce earthquakes.
 WHAT IS THE ASTHENOSPHERE?

USGS Graphics

Asthenosphere:
 Is the hotter upper mantle below the lithospheric plate;
 Can flow like silly putty; and
 Is a viscoelastic solid, NOT liquid!!
 THREE BASIC TYPES OF PLATE
BOUNDARIES
Divergent Using hands to show relative motion

Transform
Convergent

USGS Graphics
Convergent Plate Boundary (Oceanic-Continental)
 Trench-Arc
System

Convergent Plate Boundary

Convergent Plate Boundary (Oceanic-Oceanic)
Convergent Plate Boundary (Continental-Continental)
Convergent Plate Boundary (Continental-Continental)
Divergent Plate Boundaries
Divergent Plate Boundary
Divergent Plate Boundary
Divergent Plate Boundary
Transform Plate Boundary
PLATE TECTONIC OF THE WORLD
Pangaea
Pangaea
Pangaea Breakup
Pangaea Breakup
 F

Generalized reconstruction of the continents showing evolution of the Tethyan Domain (modified from Sengor et al. 1988).
A, Late Permian; B, Early Triassic; C, Late Jurassic; D, Late Cretaceous: E, Middle Eocene; F, Late Miocene.
Tectonic Plates in Pakistan
Northward movement of Indian Plate and its collision with Eurasian Plate
 COLLISION OF INDIAN AND EURASIAN PLATE

Indo-Pak landmass (Plate) started to

move 130-80 million years ago and
continue to move towards Northeast INDIA TODAY

10 Million
Years Ago
SRI LANKA

Indian plate collided with Eurasian 38 Million

Years Ago
Plate about 50-55 million years ago.

55 Million
Years Ago
This collision caused large scale
destruction resulting in formation of
Himalayas Mountain system. 71 Million
Years Ago

SRI LANKA
Northward movement of Indian Plate and its collision with Eurasian Plate
Collision of Indian and Eurasian plates
Collision of Indian and Eurasian plates and opening of Indian Ocean
Himalayas
Geographic Map of Pakistan
Tectonics of Southwestern Pakistan
TECTONICS OF COASTAL AREA OF PAKISTAN
Makran and adjoining parts of Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran
Plate boundaries and structural trend along the Makran region
MAKRAN AND ADJOINING PARTS OF PAKISTAN,
AFGHANISTAN AND IRAN
PLATE BOUNDARIES AND STRUCTURAL TREND ALONG
Tectonic Zones of Pakistan
 Tectonic Zones of Pakistan

1. Kohistan-Ladakh magmatic arc

2. Karakoram block
3. Northwest Himalayan fold and thrust belt
4. East Balochistan fold and Thrust Belt
5. Indus platform and foredeep
6. Kakar Khorasan flysch basin and Makran accretionary zone
7. Chagai magmatic arc
8. Pakistan offshore