The Conceptual /

Theoretical Framework
What is a Framework?
A framework is similar to a skeleton. It is
a basic structure or frame of reference
which is designed to support or enclose
something. As a skeleton gives shape,
form and strength to the body so it can
stand erect, so do the different concepts
and theories. These concepts and theories
serve as the building blocks (or the
“skeleton”) for the foundation or bases of
the study.
Theoretical Framework
The theoetical framework which may be formulated from an
existing theory serves as the foundation of the study. In
such case, the paradigm that is originally used by the
theoriest can be fully adopted in the present study. It can
also be adapted since the researcher can add/or subtract
variables from the original framework, provided that the
whole theory is utilized.
The word “theory” is derived from the Greek word, theoria,
which means “vision”. A theory is a conceptual idea that is
used to describe, explain, predict , or understand a certain
phenomena.
Theoretical Framework Example 1
This study is anchored on the theory of Bigg (2004) AND
Friedman (1970). The Business Ethics Theory by Bigg is
based on the wider social obligation and the moral duty that
business has towards society. According to this theory,
there are three (3) varied by interrelated ethical grounds.
These are changing and emerging social responsibilities
and social expectations to particular social problems;
eternal and intrinsic values that are inspired by ethics and
denoted by some normative and uniiversal principles o
social justice, fairness, and human rights; corporate
citizenship in which a corporation or a business
establishement contributes to social well being. In this
theory, CSR is viewed as philantrophic and ethical
responsibilities rather than legal and economic
responsibilities.
While the stakeholder value theory by Friedman (Freeman,
1984 argues that only social responsibility or business is to
develop its profits, it is believed by economists that the
corporation owners as its managers, and stakeholders as
agents have a fiduciary duty to serve the stakeholders’
interest rather than any others. Thus, corporate social
obligations are regarded as a strategic instrument for
corporate benegit and more profit again.
It is therefore, noted that although the business
enterprise’s mission to have profits, they should not forget
giving back to the stakeholders or clients the appropriate
returns not only on the quality of their products but also in
some other ways like attending to some obligations
through the different programs that will benefit the
community they are serving (Cristobal & Monetlla, 2016)
Theoretical Framework Example 2
Self Paced Remedial Learning Package in Biology for Elementary
Pupil: Prdictive Resource Material

This study is anchored on the different learning

theories and strategies on how students learn. One of
which is the Programmed Learning or Programmed
Instruction Method of Education that behaviorist
Burrhus Frederic Skinner proposed in 1958 to”manage
human learning under control conditions.”
Skinner’s operant conditioning hinges on the fact
that learning best occurs when a reward is provided
after an organism makes the desired response
(operant). When a response occurs and is reinforced,
the probability that it will occurs again in the presence
of similar stimuli is increased. Learning, therefore,
occurs when behaviorlchange has occurred.
Conceptual Framework
The explanation of the scope and
range or construct can be done even
without theory or, in some cases, with
a combination of two or more theories
which lead to a researcher’s
formulated framework. This is called
conceptual framework.
Paradigm of the Study
The result of a clear understanding of the
conceptual or theoretical framework is a
diagrammatic presentation of the study
call the paradigm.
Merriam–Webster (2006) defines
paradigm as a pattern, model or set of
forms which contains particular elements.
It is the researcher’s scientific imagination
expressed graphically by drawings and
sketches.
The Common Paradigms or
Models of the study used
are as follows:
1. IPO model (input-process-
output). This model is largely
used when the research attempts
to isolate the factor or major
variable that causes the proble,,
subject, or phenomenon under
investigation. This model is used
when the statement of the problem
are all factor-isolating questions.
 Input Process Output

• Profile of
entrepreneurs
a. Age
b. Sex
Analysis of data
c. Seminars
through the Profile and roles of
attended
questionnaire, entrepreneurs are
• Roles of
informal interviews, determined
entrepreneurs
and statistical
a. Assessment
treatment
b. Planning
c. Implementation
d. evaluation

Figure 1. Sample of IPO Model Entrepreneurs’ Roles Toward

Improved Work Performance
2. IV-DV model (independent
variable - dependent variable).
This model is used in experiment
based studies. The questions
reaised are higher order and
classified as situation relating.
Teaching methodoloy Level of performance
used by instructors of Grade 12 students
•Computer • Academic grades
Assisted • Practicum
instruction grades
•Demonstration • Parent’s
method satisfaction

Figure 1. Sample IV-Dv Model for the Effects of Computer-

Assisted Instructino and Demonstration Method on the Level of
Performance of Grade 12 Students
3. PC model (predictor-criterion
model). This model is used when
relating and assessing the influence
between two or more variables.
Studies that focus on relationships,
association, differences, and
impacts will benefits from this
model.
Teaching competence
Level of performance
of senior high school
of ABM students
teachers
• Academic grades
•Knowledge level
• Behavioral
•Pedagogical
attributes
skills
• Peer evaluation
•Classroom
result
management

Figure 1. Sample PC model for the Relationship of the

Teaching Competence of Senior High School Teachers to the
Level of Performance of ABM Students
4. –P model. This model is
used in research studies that
propose a program or any
intervention measure. It fits the
situation producing level of
questioning.
• Profile of
entrepreneurs
a. Age Analysis of data
b. Sex through the Profile and roles of
c. Seminars questionnaire, entrepreneurs,
attended informal interviews, specimen collection
• Roles of and statistical and performance
entrepreneurs treatment are assessed
a. Assessment
b. Planning
c. Implementation
d. evaluation
• Specimen
collection
• Performance Proposed Intervention Program

Figure 1. Sample of - P Model of the Proposed Program form

Improved Quality Service of Entrepreneurs
5. POM (proposed original
model). This model is used
when the researcher presents
an original paradigm. The
requirement is that it must be
specific.
 Infection control Extend of
practices participation in the
Preparation of IV infection control
Students
fluids program
respondent’s profile
Preparation of IV
• Age
medication CI’s assessment of
• Gender
Assistance in the the students’
• Civil Status
administration of IV extent of
• Hospital
medication participation in
Assignment
Skin Care infection control
Umbilical cord care practices
Eye care

Enhance Related Learning Experience Supervisory Program

Figure 1. Sample POM for the Extent of the Nursing Students in

Infection Control Practices: Basis for Enhanced RLE Supervisory
Program