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This document defines and discusses three components of higher-order thinking skills: transfer of knowledge, critical thinking, and problem solving. Transfer of knowledge requires remembering as well as understanding and applying what is learned. Critical thinking is reasoned, reflective thinking focused on deciding what to believe or do. Problem solving is defined as higher-order thinking processes used to reach a goal. These skills involve activities like giving reasons, reflecting, making sound decisions, identifying and solving problems, and working creatively.
This document defines and discusses three components of higher-order thinking skills: transfer of knowledge, critical thinking, and problem solving. Transfer of knowledge requires remembering as well as understanding and applying what is learned. Critical thinking is reasoned, reflective thinking focused on deciding what to believe or do. Problem solving is defined as higher-order thinking processes used to reach a goal. These skills involve activities like giving reasons, reflecting, making sound decisions, identifying and solving problems, and working creatively.
This document defines and discusses three components of higher-order thinking skills: transfer of knowledge, critical thinking, and problem solving. Transfer of knowledge requires remembering as well as understanding and applying what is learned. Critical thinking is reasoned, reflective thinking focused on deciding what to believe or do. Problem solving is defined as higher-order thinking processes used to reach a goal. These skills involve activities like giving reasons, reflecting, making sound decisions, identifying and solving problems, and working creatively.
KRITIS DAN PROBLEM SOLVING) DEFINISI TRANSFER PENGETAHUAN Transfer knowledge requires students not only to remember but also to make sense of and be able to use what they have learned. (Anderson & Krathwohl, 2001, p. 63) transfer pengetahuan tidak hanya membutuhkan ingatan, tapi juga pemahaman, pertimbangan logis dan kemampuan menerapkan hal yang telah dipelajari. DEFINISI BERPIKIR KRITIS Critical thinking is reasonable, reflective thinking that is focused on deciding what to believe or do. (Norris & Ennis, 1989, p. 3) Berpikir kritis berarti beralasan, berpikir reflektif yang berfokus pada memutuskan apa yang diyakini atau dilakukan.
Critical thinking as “artful thinking” (p. 299), which includes
reasoning, questioning and investigating, observing and describing, comparing and connecting, finding complexity, and exploring viewpoints. Barahal (2008) Berpikir kritis dimaknai berpikir kreatif/terampil yang meliputi pemberian alasan, bertanya dan menyelidiki, mengamati dan menggambarkan, membandingkan dan menghubungkan, menemukan kompleksitas dan menyelidiki sudut pandang DEFINISI PROBLEM SOLVING Problem solving defines as higher order thinking processes to reach the goal Problem solving adalah proses berpikir tingkat tinggi untuk mencapai tujuan. As you explore new domains you will need to remember information, learn with understanding, critically evaluate ideas, formulate creative alternatives, and communicate effectively. [A problem-solving] model can be applied to each of these problems . . . to help you to continue to learn on your own. (Bransford & Stein, 1984, p. 122) Problem solving adalah model yang diterapkan untuk mengatasi masalah ketika menyelidiki domain baru terkait mengingat informasi, belajar memahami, mengevaluasi ide secara kritis, memformulasi pilihan kreatif dan komunikasi efektif untuk membantu melanjutkan proses belajar sendiri HIGHER-ORDER THINKING AS TRANSFER Analyze, Evaluate, and Create (analisis, evaluasi dan mencipta) “Being able to think” means students can apply the knowledge and skills they developed during their learning to new contexts. Kemampuan berpikir yang bermakna siswa dapat menerapkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan untuk mendapatkan konteks baru “Being able to relate their learning to other elements beyond those they were taught to associate with it. Kemampuan menghubungkan pembelajaran dengan elemen lain selain yang dipelajari HIGHER-ORDER THINKING AS CRITICAL THINKING “being able to think” means students can apply wise judgment or produce a reasoned critique. “Siswa dapat menerapkan keputusan yang bijak atau menghasilkan kritik yang beralasan” Higher-order thinking means students can do activities such as giving reason, reflect, and make sound decisions. “siswa dapat memberikan alasan, melakukan refleksi dan membuat keputusan” HIGHER-ORDER THINKING AS PROBLEM SOLVING identify and solve problems in their academic work and in life mengidentifikasi dan mengatasi masalah terkait kegiatan sekolah dan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari “being able to think” means students can solve problems and work creatively Siswa dapat mengatasi masalahnya dan bekerja secara kreatif