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» Mechanical energy is the energy that

is possessed by an object due to its


motion or due to its position.
Mechanical energy can be either
kinetic, potential or the combination.
»
» ME total = PE + KE
» Some forces will change the total
mechanical energy of the object.
» And some forces will NOT change the
total mechanical energy of an object, but
instead can only transform the energy of
an object from potential energy to kinetic
energy (or vice versa).
» Our tennis ball lab demonstrated this
principle...
» The diagram below demonstrates a ski jump of
Li Ping Phar (esteemed Chinese ski jumper) as
she glides down the hill and makes one of her
record-setting jumps.
» The total mechanical energy of Li Ping Phar is
ME total = PE + KE = 50,000 J
» Notice that ME total = constant throughout her
motion.
» There are conditions under which the ME total
will be a constant value and conditions under
which it will be a changing value.
» We can categorize forces based upon whether
or not their presence is capable of changing an
object's total mechanical energy.
» Internal forces = Conservative Forces
» Gravity
» electrical forces
» magnetic forces
» spring forces
» When an internal force is applied, the MEtotal
of that object remains constant, but the
object's energy changes form.
» MEf = ME0
»
» For example, as an object is "forced" from a
high elevation to a lower elevation by gravity,
some of the potential energy is transformed
into kinetic energy.
» The sum of the kinetic and potential energies
remains constant.
» This is referred to as energy conservation.
» Because internal forces do not change MEtotal,
they are called conservative forces. They
conserve mechanical energy.
» External forces = Non-conservative Forces
(forces due to contact b/w objects) include
» applied force
» normal force
» tension force
» friction force
» air resistance force.
» When an external force is applied, the MEtotal
is changed.
» If the work is positive work, then the object
will gain energy.
» If the work is negative work, then the object
will lose energy.
»
» The gain or loss in energy can be in the form of
potential energy, kinetic energy, or both.
»
» The work that is done,
W = ΔMEtotal = MEf – ME0
» Because external forces are capable of
changing the total mechanical energy of an
object, they are referred to as non-
conservative forces.
» MEtotal = PE + KE i.e., the total
mechanical energy at any moment
» Wexternal = MEfinal - ME0 i.e., the total WORK
done by external non-conservative forces
» Wexternal = [KEfinal + PEfinal ] - [KE0 + PE0]
»
» This is often re-written as "the initial energy +
the work done = final energy".
» ME0 + Wexternal = MEfinal
» EX: A weightlifter applies an upwards force of 1000
N to a barbell to displace it upwards a given distance
= 0.25 m at a constant speed. The barbell begins
with 1500 Joules of potential energy because it is
resting on a rack above the gym floor, approximately
at chest-level of the weightlifter.
» How much work does the weightlifter apply?
» F•d•cos θ= 1000 • 0.25 = 250 J
» How much energy does the barbell have once
he has lifted the barbell?
» 1500 J+ 250 J = 1750 J.
»
» In what form (PE or KE or both) is the final
energy?
» The barbell began with potential energy. KE
was added to the bar by lifting it (external
force) and then this was changed into PE. The
final energy is all PE.
» EX: Now consider a car that is skidding from a
high speed to a lower speed.
» The force of friction between the tires and
the road exerts a leftward force = 8000 N.
» The car moves rightward 30 m.
» The car begins with 320 000 Joules of energy.
» How much work does the Friction Force do?
» (F•d•cosθ = 8000 •30• cos(180) = -240 000 J
»
» How much energy does the car finish with?
» 320,000 + (-240,000) = 80,000.
» The car finishes with 80, 000 Joules of
mechanical energy.
» In what form (PE or KE or both) is the final
energy?
» The car began with KE. KE was removed from
the car by friction (external force). There was
no change in height so no change in PE. The
car is still in motion at the end of the scenario;
all ME is KE.
»
» In both examples, an external force does work
upon an object over a given distance to change
the total mechanical energy of the object.
» If the external force (nonconservative force)
does positive work, then the object gains
mechanical energy. The amount of energy
gained is equal to the work done on the
object.
».
» If the external force (nonconservative force)
does negative work, then the object loses
mechanical energy. The amount of mechanical
energy lost is equal to the work done on the
object.
» The work-energy relationship can be combined
with the expressions for potential and kinetic
energy to solve complex problems.
» W= ∆ME = FdcosƟ
» P. 187 Focus #13
» P. 190 #37-45odd; 51-57odd
» For #37, you will need to use kinematics
to find v2
» For #45, you will need to start with
kinematics to find v at the bottom of the
slide, and to find h (the height of the
bottom of the slide from the water).

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