Data Communication and

network

DTE-DCE interface
Anuj pandey
01220902816
ECE 6th sem
What are Data Communications Equipment (DCE)?

▪ Data communications equipment (DCE) refers to

computer hardware devices used to establish,
maintain and terminate communication network
sessions between a data source and its destination.
DCE is connected to the data terminal equipment
(DTE) and data transmission circuit (DTC) to convert
transmission signals.
▪ IT vendors may also refer to data communications
equipment as data circuit-terminating equipment
or data carrier equipment.
Need of DCE

DCE works at the physical layer of the OSI model taking data generated
by Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) and converting it into a signal that
can then be transmitted over a communications link. A
common DCE example is a modem which works as a translator of
digital and analogue signals.
Data Terminal Equipment (DTE)

▪ Data Terminal Equipment is equipment which acts as source or

destinations in digital communication and which is capable of
converting information to signals and also reconverting received
signals.

▪ Pieces of data terminal equipment usually do not communicate

between each other, which is usually done by data communications
equipment. Common examples of data terminal equipment: printers,
routers, application servers etc.
Data Terminal Equipment (DTE)-Features

▪ With the help of link protocol, provides the data communication

control function to the digital data communication.
▪ It can be single piece equipment or multiple pieces interconnected to
perform the required functions.
▪ In most communications, data terminal equipment is the terminal.
▪ One of the key differences between data terminal equipment and
data communications equipment is in the manner the connectors are
wired.
Data Terminal Equipment (DTE)-Features

▪ The universal asynchronous receiver transmitter in data terminal

equipment performs error detection and clocking. Error detection
helps in ensuring the data sent is free of corruption. Clocking helps in
ensuring the data is sent at the right rate of receiving at the
destination.
▪ In most cases, data terminal equipment is a device which uses serial
transmission to transmit data, which is done with help of the serial
port in the device. It usually implements a male connector.
▪ To connect a data terminal equipment to a communication link, data
communication equipment needs to be used.
EIA-232

▪ EIA-232 is a standard interface for data terminal equipment (DTE)

which was first published by the Electronics Industry Alliance (EIA) in
the early 1960s. It is originally known as RS-232 i.e. Recommended
Standard 232.
EIA-232(Introduction)

– This is the original serial port interface “standard” and it stands for
“Recommended Standard Number 232” or more appropriately EIA
Recommended Standard 232 is the oldest and the most popular
serial communication standard. It was first introduced in 1962 to
help ensure connectivity and compatibility across manufacturers
for simple serial data communication
– . RS-232 is a standard communication protocol for linking
computer and its peripheral devices to allow serial data exchange.
In simple terms RS232 defines the voltage for the path used for
data exchange between the devices. It specifies common voltage
and signal level, common pin wire configuration and minimum,
amount of control signals
EIA-232(working)
RS-232(RS232 bit streams)

– The RS232 standard describes a communication method where

information is sent bit by bit on a physical channel. The information
must be broken up in data words. The length of a data word is
variable. On PC's a length between 5 and 8 bits can be selected.
RS-232(RS232 bit streams)

– The RS232 standard describes a communication method where

information is sent bit by bit on a physical channel. The information
must be broken up in data words. The length of a data word is
variable. On PC's a length between 5 and 8 bits can be selected.
RS-232(RS232 bit streams)

Start bit
▪ RS232 defines an asynchronous type of communication. This means, that
sending of a data word can start on each moment. If starting at each
moment is possible, this can pose some problems for the receiver to know
which is the first bit to receive. To overcome this problem, each data word is
started with an attention bit. This attention bit, also known as the start bit,
is always identified by the space line level. Because the line is in mark state
when idle, the start bit is easily recognized by the receiver.

Data bits
▪ Directly following the start bit, the data bits are sent. A bit value 1 causes
the line to go in mark state, the bit value 0 is represented by a space. The
least significant bit is always the first bit sent.
RS-232(RS232 bit streams)

Parity bit
▪ For error detecting purposes, it is possible to add an extra bit to the
data word automatically. The transmitter calculates the value of the
bit depending on the information sent. The receiver performs the
same calculation and checks if the actual parity bit value corresponds
to the calculated value. .

Stop bit
RS-232(RS232 bit streams)

Stop bit
Suppose that the receiver has missed the start bit because of noise
on the transmission line. It started on the first following data bit with
a space value. This causes garbled date to reach the receiver. A
mechanism must be present to resynchronize the communication. To
do this, framing is introduced. Framing means, that all the data bits
and parity bit are contained in a frame of start and stop bits. The
period of time lying between the start and stop bits is a constant
defined by the baud rate and number of data and parity bits. The
start bit has always space value, the stop bit always mark value. If the
receiver detects a value other than mark when the stop bit should be
present on the line, it knows that there is a synchronization failure.
This causes a framing error condition in the receiving UART. The
device then tries to resynchronize on new incomming bits.
RS-232(Implementation & Specifications)
RS-232(Implementation & Specifications)

▪ The RS-232 interface works in combination with UART universal

asynchronous receiver/transmitter. It is a piece of integrated circuit
integrated inside the processor or controller. It takes bytes and
transmits the individual bits in a sequential fashion in a frame. A
frame is defined structure, carrying meaningful sequence of bit or
bytes of data. It has a start bit followed by 8 data bits, a parity bit and
a stop bit. Once data is changed into bits separate line drivers are
used to convert the logic level of UART to RS-232 logic. Finally the
signals are transferred along the interface cable at the specified
voltage level of RS-232. The data is sent serially on RS232
RS-232(Implementation & Specifications)
Voltages
▪ The signal level of the RS232 pins can have two states. A high bit, or
mark state is identified by a negative voltage and a low bit or space
state uses a positive value. This might be a bit confusing, because in
normal circumstances, high logical values are defined by high
voltages also. The voltage limits are shown below.
RS-232(Implementation & Specifications)
Maximum cable lengths
▪ Cable length is one of the most discussed items in RS232 world. The standard has a
clear answer, the maximum cable length is 50 feet, or the cable length equal to a
capacitance of 2500 pF. The latter rule is often forgotten. This means that using a
cable with low capacitance allows you to span longer distances without going
beyond the limitations of the standard. If for example UTP CAT-5 cable is used with
a typical capacitance of 17 pF/ft, the maximum allowed cable length is 147 feet.
RS-423
The RS423 standard is one of the lesser known serial communication
standards. Its older brother RS232 is widely known because serial ports
with this interface are present on almost all computer
systems. RS422 and RS485 are differential which makes them useful in
applications where noise immunity is an issue, like in industrial
applications. The single ended RS423 standard sits somewhere
inbetween these standards as an enhancement of RS232 with longer
cable lengths and higher allowed data rates.
RS-422
Serial communication methods to transfer information between equipment have
been defined by standards for nearly half a century. The oldest and best known
standard is RS232, a standard which defines the communication between DTE, data
terminal equipment, and DCE, data communication equipment. The relatively short
distances and low speed the RS232 serial interface can handle demanded for newer
standards like RS422, RS423 and RS485. In this document, I will focus on the RS422
interface for serial balanced differential communications.
RS-422
Differential balanced signals with RS422
▪ Serial, balanced and differential are the keywords for the RS422 interface standard.
Serial means, that the information is sent bit by bit on a single transmission line,
just like with RS232. Balanced differential is what makes RS422 different from
RS232. On RS232 interfaces, the signals are send on lines which share a common
zero. With RS422, each signal line consists of two wires, preferably twisted to
reduce noise. The voltage-difference between the two lines is an indication of the
signal value, rather than the voltage-level. Looking at voltage differences with
RS422 rather than levels eliminates a lot of noice induced by external sources and
allows for higher data rates and cable lengths compared to RS232. You can see the
differences in speed and cable length between RS422 and other commonly used
serial interface standards like RS232, RS423 and RS485 in the interface comparison
table.
RS-422
Differential balanced signals with RS422
Twisting the lines helps to reduce the noise. The noise currents
induced by an external source are reversed in every twist. Instead of
amplifying each other as in a straight line, the reversed noice
currents reduce each others influence. The figure explains this in
more detail.
RS-422(Network topology)
There are more differences between RS422 and RS232 than the
maximum data speed and cable length. RS232 was specifically defined
as an interface between computers, printers and terminals with
modems. The modem would translate the communication signals to
protocol usable for long distance communication, where long distance
could also mean a device on the other side of the control room or
building. RS422 allows the direct connection of intelligent devices,
without the need of modems. Furthermore, where the RS232 line driver
is only designed to serve one receiver, a RS422 line driver can serve
upto ten receivers in parallel. This allows one central control unit to
send commands in parallel to upto ten slave devices. Unfortunately,
those slave devices cannot send information back over a shared
interface line. RS422 allows a multi-drop network topology, rather than
a multi-point network where all nodes are considered equal and every
node has send and receive capabilities over the same line
comparison
comparison