 Cellular metabolism refers to all of the chemical processes that occur inside living cells.

 Is the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life.
Cellular metabolism involves complex sequences of controlled biochemical reactions, better known
as metabolic pathways. These processes allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their
structures, and respond to environmental changes.
 provides the energy for living organisms to perform all of the other necessary functions to
maintain life. Most single-celled organisms, such as bacteria, do not require much energy and are
able to survive on glycolysis and fermentation.
 Metabolism = Anabolism + Catabolism

 Photosynthesis requires Respiration

 Respiration requires Photosynthesis

 Energy Production = Energy Consumption

 Energy can exist in two states:
 Kinetic energy – energy of motion.
 Potential energy – stored energy.
 Chemical energy – potential energy stored in bonds, released when bonds are
broken
 The ultimate source of energy for
most living things is the sun.
Breakdown
Proteins to Amino Acids, Starch to
Glucose

Synthesis
Amino Acids to Proteins, Glucose to Starch
 Mitochondria convert the chemical energy of reduced carbon compounds into ATP.
2 membranes
Outer Membrane - has large aqueous channels made of a protein called porin -
permeable to most small molecules
Inner Membrane - impermeable to ions and small molecules except by specific
membrane-transport proteins

 compartments
 MATRIX - enzymes -TCA cycle, DNA - several copies, ribosomes, tRNA, etc
 Inner Membrane is folded into cristae,that greatly increase its surface area. This is

where you find the Electron Transport Chain (ETC), ATP synthase, transport
proteins to allow substances in to matrix.
 Because, mitochondria oxidize carbohydrates and fats present in the cells, with the
help of enzymes.
.during this process, large amount of energy is released, which is used to produce
energy rich compound ATP.
The body uses the energy stored in ATP to synthesize chemical compound and to do
mechanical work.
 How our body makes ATP, ENERGY!!
Where do our cells get energy?
 6-C sugars are the MAJOR source of energy for cell
 Carbohydrates a macromolecule in 6-C sugars
 Cells break down glucose a 6-C sugar to make ATP “energy”
 Glycolysis
 Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
 Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Glucose

Glycolysis Krebs cycle

 10 reactions, each catalyzed by an enzyme

 Products or intermediates become more oxidized through pathway

 Doesn’t react with oxygen atoms; rather lose electrons to carriers
 2 NADH generated from catabolism 1 glucose
 Uses 2 ATP to catabolize glucose
 In coupled reactions – hydrolysis of ATP allows non-spontaneous reactions to
proceed
 Phosphates from ATP added to intermediates
 Form high energy phosphate bonds
 Now intermediates have higher energy

 In later steps, generates 4 ATP

 When phosphates cleaved from intermediates

 Overall glycolysis yields (net gain) 2 ATP

 Glycolysis starts in the cytoplasm

 Glucose (6C)  2 pyruvate (3C each)

 Other sugars can be used but must convert to intermediates of glycolysis

 2 carrier molecules generated per pyruvate

 2 molecules ATP (carries energy)
 2 reduced NADH (carries electrons)

 Pyruvate molecules move to the mitochondria

 Glucose + 2 ATP  2 NADH + 4 ATP + 2 pyruvate
 Net energy outcome 2 NADH and 2 ATP
 In the mitochondria pyruvate broken down to CO2 and the remaining 2 Cs (acetyl
group) are added to Coenzyme A
 Also can get Acetyl CoA from fats

 Each acetyl CoA transfers the 2C’s to citric acid cycle where carrier molecules are
generated
 GTP carries energy
 NADH/FADH2 carry electrons

 Electrons  electron transport chain

 Release energy used for oxidative phosphorylation
 O2 needed for successful reaction ADP + Pi  ATP
 ATP moved to the cytosol for use
 Final step in energy generation – most energy released here
 e- of NADH and FADH2 move through the chain, moving to lower
energy level
 Occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
 Specialized molecules accept and donate e- as they move down chain
 Create an electrochemical gradient
 As e- move down chain, H+ move across the membrane, altering the
concentration of H+ on either side = gradient
 Gradient used to generate ATP
 Found in cells of photosynthetic organisms
 Site of photosynthesis
 Contain the chemical chlorophyll which gives plants their green color

 Thylakoid membrane – proteins of ETC, ATP synthase

 Inner membrane – membrane transport protein for Rubisco
 Outer membrane - porin
 Stroma – enzymes for Calvin Cycle, chloroplast DNA
 Sunlight, water and carbon dioxide are transformed into energy for the cell and
oxygen
 Happens in the chloroplast
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
 An anabolic, endergonic, carbon dioxide (CO2) requiring process that uses light
energy (photons) and water (H2O) to produce organic macromolecules (glucose).


 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2