Fluid Mechanics : Chapter 3 1

Fluid Mechanics

Chapter 3
Fluids in Motion
Examples
Lecture: 11
08 Oct, 2013
EXAMPLE : 1 (Pressure Variation Along a Streamline)
GIVEN: Consider the inviscid, incompressible, steady flow along the
horizontal streamline A-B in front of the sphere of radius a as shown in
Fig. E3.1a. From a more advanced theory of flow past a sphere, the
 a3 
fluid velocity along this streamline is V  V0 1  3 
 x 
FIND: Determine the pressure variation along the streamline from
point A far in front of the sphere (xA = -  and VA = V0) to point B
on the sphere (xB = -a and VB = 0) as shown in Fig. E3.1b.
Solution: Since the flow is steady and inviscid, Eq. 3.4 is valid
P V
  sin    V   as
s s

The streamline is horizontal, sin ᶿ = sin 0° = 0 and the equation of

P V
motion along the streamline reduces to   V 1
s s
With the given velocity variation along the streamline, the acceleration term is
V V  a 3  3V0 a 3 
V V  V0 1  3   
s x  x  4
x 
2 a3  a3
 3V0 1  3  4
 x x
where we have replaced s by x since the two coordinates are identical along
streamline A-B. It follows that V
V
0 along the streamline.
s
EXAMPLE : 1 (Pressure Variation Along a Streamline)
Solution: The fluid slows down from V0 far ahead of the sphere to zero
velocity on the “nose” of the sphere (x=-a). Thus, according to Eq.1, to produce
the given motion the pressure gradient along the streamline is


2

P 3a 3V0 1  a 3 x 3  2
x x4
This variation is indicated in Fig. E3.1c. It is seen that the pressure increases in
the direction of flow (p/x > 0) from point A to point B. The maximum pressure
gradient (0.610 V0 a ) occurs just slightly ahead of the sphere (x =-1.205a). It
2

is the pressure gradient that slows the fluid down from VA = V0 to VB = 0.

The pressure distribution along the streamline can be obtained by integrating

Eq. 2 from P0 = 0 (gage) at x = -  to pressure p at location x. The result,
plotted in Fig. E3.1d, is:
 a 3  a x 6 
p   V0  3    Ans 
2

 
x 2 
 EXAMPLE : 2 (The Bernoulli Equation)
GIVEN: Consider the flow of air around a bicyclist moving
through still air with velocity V0 as is shown in Fig. E3.2.
FIND: Determine the difference in the pressure between points
(1) & (2).
 EXAMPLE : 2 (The Bernoulli Equation)
GIVEN: Consider the flow of air around a bicyclist moving through
still air with velocity V0 as is shown in Fig. E3.2.
FIND: Determine the difference in the pressure between points (1) & (2).

Solution: In a coordinate system fixed to the bike, it appears as though

the air is flowing steadily toward the bicyclist with speed V0. If the
assumptions of Bernoulli’s equation are valid (steady, incompressible,
inviscid flow), Eq. 3.6 can be applied as follows along the streamline that
passes through (1) and (2).
P1+½1V12+1z1 = P2+½2V22+2 z2
We consider (1) to be in the free stream so that V1=V0 and (2) to be at the
tip of the bicyclist’s nose and assume that z1 = z2. and
1  2  constant and V2 = 0. It follows that the pressure of (2) is greater
than that at (1) by an amount [P2 – P1] = ½V12 = ½V02 (Ans)
EXAMPLE : 3 (Kinetic, Potential, & Pressure Energy)
GIVEN: Consider the flow of water from the syringe shown in Fig. E3.4a. As
indicated in Fig. E3.4b, force applied to the plunger will produce a pressure greater
than atmospheric at point (1) within the syringe. The water flows from the needle,
point (2 ), with relatively high velocity and coasts up to point (3) at the top of its
trajectory.

FIND: Discuss the energy of the fluid at points (1 ), (2 ), and (3) using the Bernoulli
equation.
EXAMPLE : 3 (Kinetic, Potential, & Pressure Energy)
Solution: If the assumptions (steady, inviscid, incompressible flow) of the Bernoulli
equation are approximately valid, it then follows that the flow can be explained in terms
of the partition of the total energy of the water. According to Eq. 3.11, the sum of the
three types of energy (kinetic, potential, & pressure) or heads (velocity, elevation, and
pressure) must remain constant. The following table indicates the relative magnitude of
each of these energies at the three points shown in Fig. E3.4b.
Energy Type
Point Kinetic Potential Pressure
½ V2 z p
1 Small Zero Large
2 Large Small Zero
3 Zero Large Zero
The motion results in (or is due to) a change in the magnitude of each type of energy as
the fluid flows from one location to another. An alternate way to consider this flow is as
follows. The pressure gradient between (1) and (2) produces an acceleration to eject the
water from the needle. Gravity acting on the particle between (2) and (3) produces a
deceleration to cause the water to come to a momentary stop at the top of its flight.
 EXAMPLE : 4 (Pitot-Static Tube)
GIVEN: An airplane flies 200 mph at an elevation of 10,000 ft in a standard
atmosphere as shown in Fig. E3.6a.

FIND: Determine the pressure at point ( 1) far ahead of the airplane, the pressure
at the stagnation point on the nose of the airplane, point (2), and the pressure
difference indicated by a Pitot-static probe attached to the fuselage.
 EXAMPLE : 4 (Pitot-Static Tube)
Solution: From Table C.1 we find that the static pressure at the altitude given is
p1 = 1456 lb/ft2 (abs) = 10.11psia And the density is  = 0.001756 slug/ft3.
If the flow is steady, inviscid, and incompressible and elevation changes are neglected,
Eq. 3.6 becomes P2 = P1 + ½V12 With V1 = 200 mph = 293 ft/s and V2 = 0
(since the coordinate system is fixed to the airplane) we obtain
p2 = 1456 lb/ft2 + ½ (0.001756 slugs/ft3)(293 ft/s)2 = (1456 + 75.4) lb/ft2 (abs)
Hence, in terms of gage pressure p2 = 75.4 lb/ft2 = 0.524 psi (Ans)
Thus, the pressure difference indicated by the Pitot-static tube is:
P2 - P1 = ½V12 = 0.524 psi (Ans)
.
EXAMPLE : 5 (Flow from a Tank— Gravity Driven)
GIVEN: A stream of refreshing beverage of diameter d = 0.01 m
flows steadily from the cooler of diameter D = 0.20 m cooler as
shown in Figs. E3.7a and b.

FIND: Determine the flowrate Q, from the bottle into the cooler if the depth of
beverage in the cooler is to remain constant at h = 0.20 m.
EXAMPLE : 5 (Flow from a Tank— Gravity Driven)
Solution: For steady, inviscid, incompressible flow the Bernoulli equation applied
between points (1) and (2) is P1+½1V12+1z1 = P2+½2V22+2 z2
With the assumptions that p1 = p2 = 0; z1 = h; and z2 = 0,
Eq. 1 becomes ½V12 + gh = ½V22
Although the water level remains constant (h = constant), there is an average velocity,
V1, across section(1) because of the flow from the tank. From Eq. 3.16 for steady
incompressible flow, conservation of mass requires Q1 = Q2, where Q = AV.
 2 
Thus, A1V1 = A2V2, or D V1  d 2V2
4 4
2
Hence, d
V1    V2
D
2 gh 29.810.20
Equations 1 and 3 can be combined to give V2    1.98 m
1  d D  1  0.01 0.2 s
4 4


Thus, Q = A1V1 = A2V2 = (0.01 m)2(1.98 m/s) = 1.56 X 10-4 m3/s
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