Evidencia 7

Aplicaciones de las Ecuaciones Diferenciales

de Primer Orden

Rolando Walle García

Ejemplo E07.03
La población de cierta ciudad crece a una tasa que es proporcional a la
población presente en el tiempo t. La población inicial de 500 individuos
aumente 15% en 10 años. ¿Cuál será la población en 30 años? ¿Con
cuánta rapidez está creciendo la población en t = 30?

575
ln 500 𝑡
𝑃 = 𝑃0 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 𝑃= 500𝑒
10
𝑃 = 500𝑒 10𝑘 575
ln 500 (30)
𝑃= 500𝑒
575 = 500𝑒10𝑘 10

575
𝑙𝑛500 𝑑𝑃 575 ln 575 (30)
𝑘= = 500 𝑙𝑛 𝑒 500
𝑑𝑡 500
10 10
10
Ejemplo E07.06
A breeder reactor converts relatively stable uranium 238 into the
isotope plutonium 239. After 15 years it is determined that 0.043% of
the initial amount 𝐴0 of plutonium has disintegrated. Find the half-life of
this isotope if the rate of disintegration is proportional to the amount
remaining.
ln 0.99957
𝐴 = 𝐴0 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 A = 𝐴0 𝑒 𝑡
15

1 ln 0.99957
0.99957 𝐴0 = 𝐴0 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 𝐴 = 𝐴0 𝑒 𝑡
2 0 15

0.99957= 𝑒 15𝑘 1 ln 0.99957

=𝑒 𝑡
2 15
ln 0.99957 = 15𝑘 1 ln 0.99957
ln = 𝑡
ln 0.99957 2 15
𝑘=−
15
1
15𝑙𝑛 2
=𝑡
𝑙𝑛0.99957
Ejemplo E07.09
Initially 100 milligrams of a radioactive substance was present. After 6
hours the mass had decreased by 3%. If the rate of decay is proportional
to the amount of the substance present at time t, find the amount
remaining after 24 hours. Determine the half-life of the radioactive
substance.
0.97
0.97𝐴0 = 100𝐴0 𝑒 6𝑘 𝐴 = 100 𝑒 𝑙𝑛 𝑡
100
6
0.97
= 𝑒 6𝑘 0.97
100 𝐴 = 100 𝑒 𝑙𝑛 24
100
0.97 6
𝐾 = ln
100
1 0.97
6 𝐴0 = 100𝐴0 𝑒 𝑙𝑛 (𝑡)
2 100
6

1
6 ln 2
=𝑡
0.97
ln
100
Ejemplo E07.29. Skydiving
A skydiver weighs 125 pounds, and her parachute and equipment combined
weigh another 35 pounds. After exiting from a plane at an altitude of 15,000
feet, she waits 15 seconds and opens her parachute. Assume that the constant
of proportionality in the model in Problem 26 has the value k = 0:5 during free
fall and k = 10 after the parachute is opened. Assume that her initial velocity on
leaving the plane is zero. A) What is her velocity and how far has she traveled
20 seconds after leaving the plane? See Figure. B)How does her velocity at 20
seconds compare with her terminal velocity? C)How long does it take her to
reach the ground? [Hint: Think in terms of two distinct IVPs.]

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑠
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑔 − 𝑘𝑣 = 𝑣(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑘 𝑡 ∗𝑉 𝑘
+ 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) න 𝑒 𝑚 = න 𝑔𝑒 𝑡
𝑚
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑣 1 𝑘
𝑚 + 𝑘𝑣 = 𝑚𝑔 𝑘 𝑔𝑒 𝑚𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑚 𝑡
𝑣 ∗ 𝑒 𝑚 +𝐶
𝑘
𝑚
𝑑𝑣 𝑘
+ 𝑣=𝑔 𝑔 𝑘
𝑑𝑡 𝑚 −𝑚 𝑡
𝑉= + 𝑐𝑒
1
𝑘 𝑘
𝑝 𝑡 =
𝑚 𝑚
𝑘
𝑒 න 𝑑𝑡
𝑚
𝒎𝒈 𝒌
− 𝒕
Factor integrante 𝑽= + 𝒄𝒆 𝒎
𝑘 𝒌
𝑒 𝑡
𝑚

Solución
 𝑘
𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔 −𝑚 𝑡
𝑉= + (𝑣0− ) 𝑒
𝑘 𝑘

𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔 − 𝑘 𝑡
𝑉= − 𝑒 𝑚
𝑘 𝑘

5(32)
𝑣= − 1 − 𝑒 0.1𝑡 = 320 1 − 𝑒 0.1𝑡
0.5

𝑥 = න𝑣

𝑥 = න 320 − 320𝑒 0.1𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝟑𝟐𝟎 𝟎.𝟏𝒕
𝒙 = 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝒕 + 𝒆 = 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝒕 + 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒆−𝟎.𝟏𝒕 + 𝑪
𝟎. 𝟏
PVI
𝑥 0 =0
0= 3200 + 𝐶

C= −3200

𝑋 = 320𝑡 + 3200𝑒 −0.1𝑡 − 3200

𝑡 = 15𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑘 = 0.1

5 32
𝑉= 1 − 𝑒 −0.1 15
= 320 1 − 𝑒 −0.1 15
= 248.598
0.5

𝑥 = න𝑉

𝑥 = න 320 − 320𝑒 −0.1 15 𝑑𝑡

𝟑𝟐𝟎 −𝟎,𝟏(𝟏𝟓)
𝒙 = 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝒕 + 𝒆 = 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝒕 + 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒆−𝟎.𝟏(𝟏𝟓) ) + 𝐂
𝟎. 𝟏
 𝑚𝑔 𝑘
−𝑚 𝑡
𝑉= + 𝑐𝑒
𝑘
5(32) 10 1
248.598 = + 𝑐𝑒 − 5 (0)
10
248.598 − 16 = 𝐶

𝐶 = 248.598

𝑉 = 16 + 232.598𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑉 = 16 + 232.598𝑒 −2(5)

𝑋 = න𝑉
232.598 −2𝑡
𝑋 = 16𝑡 − 𝑒 +𝐶
2
−232.598
0= +𝐶
2
𝐶 = 116.299
𝑋 = 16𝑡 − 116.299𝑒 −2𝑡 + 116.299 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟔 𝟓 − 𝟏𝟏𝟔. 𝟐𝟗𝟗𝒆−𝟐 𝟓 + 𝟏𝟏𝟔. 𝟐𝟗𝟗
 lim 𝑉
𝑡→∞

𝑉 = 16 + 232.598𝑒 −2(∞)

𝑉 = 16 + 232.598𝑒 −∞

232.598
𝑉 = 16 +
𝑒∞ 0

232.598
𝑉 = 16 +
𝑒∞

𝑉 = 16
Ejemplo E07.32. Second-Order Chemical Reaction
A compound C is formed when two chemicals A and B are combined. The resulting
reaction between the two chemicals is such that for each gram of A, 4 grams of B is
used. It is observed that 30 grams of the compound C is formed in 10 minutes.
Determine the amount of C at time t if the rate of the reaction is proportional to the
amounts of A and B remaining and if initially
there are 50 grams of A and 32 grams of B. How much of the compound C is present at
15 minutes? Interpret the solution as t ∞.

1 A y B en tiempo t:
𝑥 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝐴
5 1
50 − 𝑥
5
4
𝑥 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝐵 4
5
32 − 𝑥
5

Es por eso que la razón con la que se forma C es:

𝑑𝑥 1 4
∝ 50 − 𝑥 32 − 𝑥
𝑑𝑡 5 5
 1 4
Simplificamos las operaciones algebraicas, factorizamos 5 del primer termino y 5 del
segundo e introducimos la constante de proporcionalidad:

𝑑𝑥
= 𝑘(250 − 𝑥)(40 − 𝑥)
𝑑𝑡
Separando variables y fracciones parciales se dice que:

1 1
− 210 dx + 210 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑑𝑡
250 − 𝑥 40 − 𝑥
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠:
250 − 𝑥
𝑙𝑛 = 210𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶
40 − 𝑥
250 − 𝑥
= 𝐶𝑒 210𝑘𝑡
40 − 𝑥
 25
𝐶𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝐶 = , 𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑥 = 30𝑔 𝑒𝑛 𝑡
4
1 88
= 10, 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑘 = 𝑙𝑛 = 0.1258, 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑗𝑎𝑟 𝑥:
2100 25
250 − 𝑥
= 𝑐𝑒 210𝑘𝑡
40 − 𝑥
250 − 30 880
= 𝑐𝑒 210𝑘(10) 𝑙𝑛 = 10 210 𝑘
40 − 30 250

220 25
= 𝑐𝑒 210𝑘(10) 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝐶 =
4 88
10 𝑙𝑛 = 2100𝑘
25
220 25 210 10 𝑘
𝑙𝑛 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑒
10 4
220 25
𝑙𝑛 = 𝑙𝑛 + 10 210 𝑘
10 4

220
𝑙𝑛 = 10(210𝑘
10
25
4
 1 − 𝑒 −0.1258𝑡
𝑥 𝑡 = 1000
25 − 4𝑒 −0.1258𝑡

X---->40 conforme t---> ∞, se forman 40 gramos del compuesto C, formulándose:

1
50 − 40 = 42𝑔 𝑑𝑒 𝐴
5

4
32 − 40 = 0𝑔 𝑑𝑒 𝐵
5