Praktikum

PEMBUATAN BIOPLASTIK
DAN KARAKTERISASI
MEKANIK

1
 Origins of
Plastics
• Petroleum-based (oil and natural gas)
• Bio-based (plants)
• Composite or thermoplastic starch =
petroleum-based + bio-based or
bio-based + bio-based

* raw material from which plastic is made does not

dictate compostability or recyclability
Starches

amylose

amylopectin
Starch-based Plastics

Limitations and Priorities

• water susceptibility
• gas and water permeability
• use in composites
 Komponen Bioplastik
• Biopolimer (Starch)
• Polimer sintetik (PVA)
• Plasticier (Glicerol)

Thermoplastic starch
Granular starch
(TPS)
Other polymers

Additives / plasticizers
TPS and Melted Polymer

Starch / polymer blend 5

Processing Plastics – Compression Molding
Thermoplastics and thermosets
• polymer and additives placed in mold cavity
• mold heated and pressure applied
• fluid polymer assumes shape of mold

6
 Processing Plastics – Injection Molding
Thermoplastics and some thermosets
• when ram retracts, plastic pellets drop from hopper into barrel
• ram forces plastic into the heating chamber (around the spreader)
where the plastic melts as it moves forward
• molten plastic is forced under pressure (injected) into the mold (die)
cavity where it assumes the shape of the mold

Barrel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection_mold 7
 Processing Plastics – Extrusion
Thermoplastics
• plastic pellets drop from hopper onto the turning screw
• plastic pellets melt as the turning screw pushes them forward by
the heaters
• molten polymer is forced under pressure through the shaping die
to form the final product (extrudate)

8
KARAKTERISASI MEKANIK

9
 Basic definitions
“Stress adalah beban dibagi luas
penampang bahan”

unit: Pa (or MPa)

“strain adalah pertambahan panjang

dibagi panjang awal bahan”

unit: dimensionless
technical: m/m
10
 Elastic and plastic deformation, fracture
what happens when the tensile stress is increased?

1. elastic deformation (reversible)

2. plastic deformation (irreversible)

3. fracture

Materials which show plastic

deformation are called ductile.

Materials which show no plastic

deformation are called brittle.

11
 Elastic Deformation
1. Initial 2. Small load 3. Unload

bonds
stretch

return to
initial

F

Elastic means reversible.

12
 Plastic Deformation (Metals)
1. Initial 2. Small load 3. Unload

linear linear
elastic elastic
Plastic means permanent. 
plastic 13
 Modulus Young atau Elastisitas

• Young's Modulus: E adalah gradien kurva dalam

daerah linier, di mana perbandingan tegangan (σ)
dan regangan (ε) selalu tetap.
• Kurva yang menyatakan hubungan antara strain dan
stress seperti ini sering disingkat dengan kurva SS
(SS curve).
• Modulus Young dapat dihubungkan dengan Hukum
Hooke.

14
Hooke’s Law

• Hubungan antara beban

atau gaya yang diberikan
berbanding lurus dengan
perubahan panjang bahan
tersebut

– The stronger the force applied,

the greater the displacement is.

– Less force applied, the smaller

the displacement of the spring.
 • Modulus Young dapat dihubungkan dengan
hukum Hooke
F = -k x

σ=Εε
F L
stress  strain 
A L
Young’s Modulus
(modulus of elasticity)

F ( Lf  Li ) A
E
stress
E 
stress

L
A E
strain strain Li F
L
 Stress-Strain Diagram
ultimate
tensile
strength
 UTS 3 necking

Strain
yield Fracture
strength Hardening
y 5
2
Elastic region
Plastic slope =Young’s (elastic) modulus
Region yield strength
Plastic region
ultimate tensile strength
Elastic strain hardening
σ  Eε Region
4
fracture
σ 1
E
ε E
σy
Strain (  ) (L/Lo)
ε 2  ε1
18
19
 Young’s Moduli: Comparison
Graphite
Metals Composites
Ceramics Polymers
Alloys /fibers
Semicond
1200
1000 Diamond
800
600
Si carbide
400 Tungsten Al oxide Carbon fibers only
Molybdenum Si nitride
E(GPa) 200
Steel, Ni
Tantalum <111>
Si crystal
CFRE(|| fibers)*
Platinum
Cu alloys <100> Aramid fibers only
100 Zinc, Ti
80 Silver, Gold Glass-soda AFRE(|| fibers)*
Aluminum Glass fibers only
60
Magnesium, GFRE(|| fibers)*
40 Tin
Concrete

109 Pa 20 GFRE*
CFRE*
Composite data based on
Graphite GFRE( fibers)* reinforced epoxy with 60 vol%
10
8 of aligned carbon (CFRE),
CFRE( fibers)*
6 AFRE( fibers)* aramid (AFRE), or glass (GFRE)
Polyester
4 PET fibers.
PS
PC Epoxy only
2
PP
1 HDPE
0.8
0.6 Wood( grain)
PTFE
0.4
LDPE
20
0.2
• Kekuatan tarik bioplastik dihitung dengan persamaan
berikut:

21
Bentuk Geometri

22
Bentuk Geometri

23