SOLID WASTE AND WASTWATER

MANAGEMENT

Sewer Design

Eng. CHU DICKSON

(M.Eng in Environmental Engineering)
chnkoli@gmail.com
 Depth of Flow
• The sewers are always designed for the partial
flow conditions. The purpose of maintaining
partial flow in sewers is to maintain an open
channel flow condition and to provide space
above surface of sewage for ventilation.

• Sewers may be designed to run for a depth of

flow of d, which should be at least half the
diameter, D, i.e., 0.5D but not more than 0.8D at
ultimate peak flow conditions.
 Self-cleansing velocity

• Sewage consists of considerable amount of

organic and inorganic solids, which remain floating
or suspended.
• If velocity of flow in the sewer is less, these solids
get deposited at the invert of the pipe and cause
obstruction to the flow of sewage.
• Hence, it is necessary to maintain a minimum
velocity of flow at which no solids get deposited in
the sewer.
 Self-cleansing velocity

• The velocity of flow that prevents settlement of

solids is known as self cleansing velocity.
• This velocity should be maintained at least once in a
day during the peak flow at all sections of the
sewerage system.
• Generally, self cleansing velocity of more than 0.75
m/s is useful.
Non-scouring velocity
• Similarly, the velocity of flow in sewer should not be
too high, as the suspended solids will cause wear to
contact surface of the pipe and erode the pipe material
of sewer.

• This will reduce the life of the sewer. The permissible

maximum velocity to prevent eroding is termed as non-
scouring velocity and it should be limited to 3.0
m/s.
Grades of Sewers

• The slope or grade of the sewer is selected in such

a way that the velocity of flow is maintained
between the self cleansing and non-scouring velocity.
• The sewer sizes and slopes should be such that the
velocity of flow increases progressively or steadily
from the head section through the entire length of
sewers.
It has been shown that for sewers running partially
full, for a given flow and slope, velocity of flow is little
influenced by pipe diameter.
• • The slopes recommended by the manual (CPHEEO)
present peak flows up to 30 Lps are given in Tabular
format, which would ensure a minimum velocity of
0.6m/s.
 Minimum Sewer Size

• The minimum size of public sewers should not

be less than 150 mm.
• However for major towns and cities and where
the topography is flat, the minimum size of
sewer should be of 200 mm in diameter.
Design Considerations
Design Period
Discharge
Self cleansing Velocity 𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏
Scouring Velocity 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙
Roughness of pipes
Depth of sewer
Gradient
Post monsoon ground water Table
Design Considerations as per CPHEEO Manual

Design Period 30years

Sewage generated 80% to 95% of Total water
consumption
Flow assumption Minimum Flow Varies
from 1/3 to ½ of average flow
Ground water infiltration 500 to 5,000 litres/km/day
Manning’s Roughness 0.013
Coefficient
Velocity of Flow 0.60 m/s to 3.0 m/s
Rate of Flow 80% Running Full
Minimum Size of Sewer 150 mm
Recommended minimum slopes for gravity
flow sewers
Design Equations

Hazen-Williams equation is the one most commonly used to

describe the flow of water in pipes.
In terms of flow rate, it is given as
𝟐.𝟔𝟑 𝟎.𝟓𝟒
𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟖𝑪𝑫 𝑺
Where: 𝑸 = 𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒎𝟑 Τ𝒔
𝑪 = 𝑯𝒂𝒛𝒆𝒏 − 𝑾𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒔 𝑪𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔
𝑫 = 𝑫𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒎
𝑺 = 𝑺𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒆 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆, 𝒎Τ𝒎
Design Equations
Manning equation: It has found wide application in sewer design than
Hazen=Williams equation because it applies both to sewers flowing full and those
flowing partially full—the latter being the condition most frequently encountered.
Three useful forms of Manning’s equation are:

𝟏 𝟐Τ 𝟑 𝟏Τ 𝟐 (𝑽𝟐 )(𝒏𝟐 )(𝟔. 𝟑𝟒𝟒𝟖) 𝟏 𝟐Τ𝟑 𝟏Τ𝟐

𝑽= 𝑹 𝑺 𝑺= 𝑸= 𝑹 𝑺 𝑨
𝒏 𝑫𝟏.𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒏
Where;

𝑽 = 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚, 𝒎Τ𝒔
𝒏 = 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔
𝑹 = 𝑯𝒚𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒖𝒍𝒊𝒄 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔, 𝒎
𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘, 𝒎𝟐
=
𝒘𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓, 𝒎
𝑺 = 𝑺𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒆 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆, 𝒎Τ𝒎
𝑫 = 𝑫𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆, 𝒎
𝑸 = 𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆, 𝒎𝟑 Τ𝒔
𝑨 = 𝑪𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 − 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘, 𝒎𝟐
Design Equations
Manning’s roughness coefficient (n) varies with the type of pipe material, the type
of installation, and the material being transported.

Materials n-Values
Asbestos cement pipe 0.013
Concrete and Vitrified clay pipe 0.013
PVC 0.011
Asphalt Coated-25% paved inverted Corrugated metal pipe 0.022
1.25mm corrugations
Unpaved galvanized corrugated metal pipe with12.5 mm 0.024
corrugations
Unpaved galvanized corrugated metal pipe with12.5 mm 0.035
corrugations
Polyethylene (smooth interior) 0.010
Design Equations
Velocity flowing full
𝟏 𝟐Τ𝟑 𝟏Τ𝟐
𝑽𝒇 = 𝑹𝒇 𝑺
𝒏

Velocity flowing partially

𝟏 𝟐Τ 𝟑 𝟏Τ 𝟐
𝑽𝒑 = 𝑹𝒑 𝑺
𝒏

In sanitary sewers, the flow is not constant; consequently, the depth of flow is
varying as mentioned above. In this case, it is difficult to find the hydraulic radius to
apply Manning’s equation. For partially full pipe, the following relations are applied:
Design Equations
𝑑 1 𝜃
= 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝐷 2 2 𝑃 = 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
𝐴𝑝 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝑅 = 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠(𝑃 = 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙, 𝑓 = 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙)
= − 𝜃 = 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠
𝐴𝑓 360 2𝜋
𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒅ൗ𝑫 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓
𝑅𝑝 360 sin 𝜃 𝐴 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
= 1− 𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆 𝒐𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒔 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏
𝑅𝑓 2𝜋𝜃
𝒅ൗ = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏
2ൗ
3 𝑫
𝑉𝑝 𝑅𝑝
=
𝑉𝑓 𝑅𝑓
𝑄𝑝 𝐴𝑃 𝑉𝑃
=
𝑄𝑓 𝐴𝑓 𝑉𝑓
Design Equations

As noted above, GLUMRB (2004) specifies that n=0.013 for the calculation of
minimum velocity. Designers typically use n=0.013 for PVC because, once the pipe is
in use, this n is more realistic.
For a pipe flowing full, the hydraulic radius is defined as

(𝜋Τ4)(𝐷)2 𝐷
𝑅= =
𝜋𝐷 4
Design Equations
For pipes flowing full or half other useful forms of Manning’ s equation are:

0.379 2Τ3 1Τ2

𝑉= 𝐷 𝑆
𝑛
0.312 8Τ3 1Τ2
𝑄= 𝐷 𝑆
𝑛
10.3(𝑛2 ) 𝑄2
𝑆=
𝐷 16Τ3