Chapter2-Lateral Earth Pressure RE Wall

LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE
TOPIC 2 : EARTH RETAINING

STRUCTURES
OUTLINE of PRESENTATION
2.1 Introduction & Overview
2.2 States of Equilibrium – at rest, active
and passive
2.3 Distribution of Lateral Pressure
2.4 Types of Retaining Wall
2.5 Rigid Retaining Walls – types,
analysis & design
Introduction & Overview
2.1 Introduction and overview
Retaining structures such as retaining walls and

basement walls are commonly encountered in
foundation engineering, and they may support slopes
of earth mass.
Proper design and construction of these structures
require a thorough knowledge of the lateral forces that
act between the retaining structures and the soil mass
being retained.
Types of Lateral Pressure
2.2 States of Equilibrium
2.2.1 Hydrostatic Pressure and Lateral Thrust

2.2.2 Earth Pressure at Rest
2.2.3 Active Earth Pressure
2.2.4 Passive Earth pressure
2.2.1 Hydrostatic pressure and lateral thrust
Horizontal pressure due to a liquid

Earth Pressure at Rest
2.2.2 Earth pressure at rest
A If wall AB remains static –

Unit weight of soil = γ soil mass will be in a state
 f  c   tan  of elastic equilibrium –
horizontal strain is zero.
z
σv Ratio of horizontal stress to
vertical stress is called
σh = Ko σv coefficient of earth
pressure at rest, Ko, or
h
Ko 
v
B
 h  K o  v  K o z
Earth pressure at rest
Earth pressure at rest .. cont.

2.2.2.1 Coarse-grained soils
K o  1 - sin  (after Jaky, 1944)
where φ = drained friction angle
For dense sand backfill the above formula grossly

underestimated the lateral earth pressure at rest, so use :
 d 
K o  (1 - sin  )   - 1  5.5 (after Sherif et al, 1984)
 
 d(min) 
where γd = actual compacted dry unit weight of the sand.
γd(min) = dry unit weight at the loosest state
2.2.2.2 Fine-grained soils
(i) Normally consolidated
 PI(% )
K o  0.44  0.42  (after Massarch, 1979)
 100 
(ii) Overconsolidated soil
K o(oc)  K o(nc) OCR (after Massarch, 1979)
where OCR  preconsolidation pressure

present effective overburden pressure
Active Earth Pressure
2.2.3 Active earth pressure
A
Plastic equilibrium in soil
Unit weight of soil = γ
refers to the condition
 f  c   tan 
where every point in a soil
z mass is on the verge of
σv failure.
If wall AB is allowed to move
σh away from the soil mass
gradually, horizontal stress
will decrease.
This is represented by
B
Mohr’s circle in the
Earth pressure at rest subsequent slide.
Shear stress
Mohr’s circle
 f  c   tan 
representing
Rankine’s
D
active state.
b
A  c
O C
 σa Koσv σv Normal stress
D’
Based on the diagram :
a
Ratio  coefficient of Rankine's active earth pressure
v
 K a (Ka is the ratio of the effective stresses)
Therefore :
a  1 - sin 
Ka   tan (45 - ) 
2
v 2 1  sin 
It can be shown that (refer subsequent slide) :

 
 a   z tan (45 - ) - 2c tan (45 - )
2
2 2
  z K a - 2c K a
Active pressure distribution
- 2c K a - 2c K a
zo
 z Ka
 z K a - 2c K a
Based on the previous slide, using

similar triangles show that :
2c
zo  where zo is depth of tension
 Ka crack
For pure cohesive soil, i.e. when φ = 0 :
2c
zo 

z
For cohesionless
soil, c = 0
 a   v Ka   z Ka
 z Ka
Passive Earth Pressure
2.2.4 Passive earth pressure
A
If the wall is pushed into the
Unit weight of soil = γ
soil mass, the principal
 f  c   tan 
stress σh will increase. On
z the verge of failure the
σv stress condition on the soil
element can be expressed
σh by Mohr’s circle b.
The lateral earth pressure,
σp, which is the major
principal stress, is called
B
Rankine’s passive earth
Earth pressure at rest pressure (see next slide)
Mohr’s circle
Shear stress
 f  c   tan  representing
Rankine’s
D
b passive state.
A  c
O Koσv σv C σp
 Normal stress
a
D’
Referring to previous slide, it can be shown that :

 
 p   v tan (45 
2
)  2c tan (45  )
2 2
  z K p  2c K p
For cohesionless soil :

p  1  sin 
 K p  tan (45  ) 
2
v 2 1  sin 
Passive pressure distribution
For cohesionless soil,
 p v K p   z K p
2c K p  z Kp
Earth Pressure
Pressure
In conclusion
Earth
Passive pressure
At-rest pressure
Active pressure
Wall tilt Wall tilt

Vertical
Pressure
Rankine’s states of plastic

equilibrium
(a) Active state (b) Passive state

2.3 Lateral Pressure Distribution
2.3.1 Based on Rankine’s Theory

2.3.2 Based on Coulomb’s Theory
2.3.1 Rankine’s Theory

 Initial work done in 1857
 Develop based on semi infinite “loose granular” soil
mass for which the soil movement is uniform.
 Used stress states of soil mass to determine lateral
pressures on a frictionless wall
Assumptions :
 Vertical frictionless wall
 Dry homogeneous soil
 Horizontal surface
2.3.1.1 Active pressure for cohesionless soil

2.3.1.2 Effect of surcharge
Effect of a stratified soil

2.3.1.3 Effect of sloping surface

Active pressure,  ha'  K a v' cos 
Passive pressure,  hp'  K p v' cos 
cos  - (cos2  - cos2 ' )

where Ka 
cos   (cos2  - cos2 ' )
cos   (cos2  - cos2 ' ) 1

and Kp  
cos   (cos  - cos  ' ) K a
2 2
5.3.2 Coulomb’s Theory
 Initial work done in 1776
 Proposed that a condition of limit equilibrium exists
through which a soil mass behind a vertical
retaining wall will slip along a plane inclined at an
angle  to the horizontal.
The essential steps in the limit equilibrium method are :

 selection of a plausible failure mechanism
 determination of the forces acting on the failure surface,
and
 use of equilibrium equations to determine the maximum
thrust.
Coulomb’s theory and rough walls … cont.

Worked example 8.9 : Polygon of forces

Types of Retaining Wall
2.4 Retaining Wall

The various types of earth-retaining structures
fall into three broad groups.
2.4.1 Gravity Walls
2.4.2 Embedded walls
2.4.3 Reinforced and anchored earth

Gravity Walls
2.4.1 Gravity Walls

Masonry walls
Gabion walls
Crib walls
RC walls
Counterfort walls
Buttressed walls
Gravity Walls
Unreinforced masonry wall

Gravity Walls
Gabion wall
Gravity Walls
Crib wall
Gravity Walls
Types of RC
Gravity Walls
Embedded Walls
2.4.2 Embedded walls
Driven sheet-pile walls

Braced or propped walls
Contiguous bored-pile walls
Secant bored-pile walls
Diaphram walls
Geotechnicques (ECG433) ARM - 2007

Embedded Walls
Types of embedded walls

Reinforced and Anchored Earth
2.4.3 Reinforced and anchored earth
Reinforced earth wall

Soil nailing
Ground anchors
Reinforced and anchored earth
Reinforced earth and soil nailing

Stability Criteria
2.5 Stability of Rigid Walls
Failures of the rigid gravity wall may occur

due to any of the followings:
 Overturning failure GLOBAL FAILURE @

 Sliding failure EXTERNAL STABILITY
 Bearing capacity failure
 Tension failure in joints INTERNAL STABILITY
 Pull-out failure
Stability Criteria
The stability of the retaining wall should be checked against :
(i) FOS against overturning (recommended FOS = 2.0)

Resisting moment
FOS 
Disturbing moment
(ii) FOS against sliding (recommended FOS = 2.0)

R V tan   (0.5 - 0.7) Pp
FOS 
RH
Stability Analysis
The stability of the retaining wall should
be checked against :
2.3.1 FOS against overturning

(recommended FOS = 2.0)
Resisting moment
FOS 
Disturbing moment ∑V
Ph
Pp
.. overturning about A
A
Stability Criteria
2.3.2 FOS against sliding

(recommended FOS = 2.0)
R V tan   (0.5 - 0.7) Pp

FOS 
RH
∑V
Ph
Pp
Friction & wall base adhesion

Stability Criteria
2.3.3 For base pressure (to be compared against the

bearing capacity of the founding soil. Recommended
FOS = 3.0)
RV  6e 
qb  1  
B  B 
Now, Lever arm of base resultant
 Moment
x
RV
B
Thus eccentricity e  - x
2
Stability Analysis
∑V
Ph
Pp
Base pressure on the founding soil

Stability Analysis
Worked example :
Figure below shows the cross-section of a reinforced concrete
retaining structure. The retained soil behind the structure and
the soil in front of it are cohesionless and has the following
properties:
SOIL 1 : u = 35o, d = 17 kN/m3,

SOIL 2 : u = 30o,  = 25o , d = 18 kN/m3,
sat = 20 kN/m3
The unit weight of concrete is 24 kN/m3. Taking into account the
passive resistance in front of the wall, determine a minimum value
for the width of the wall to satisfy the following design criteria:
Factor of safety against overturning > 2.5

Factor of safety against sliding > 1.5
Maximum base pressure should not exceed 150 kPa
Stability Analysis
THE PROBLEM 30 kN/m2
0.5 m
SOIL 1
2.0 m
4.0 m GWT
SOIL 2
2.9 m
SOIL 2
0.6 m
4.5 m
2.0 m
Stability Analysis
30 kN/m2
THE SOLUTION
0.5 m
SOIL 1
W 2.0 m P1 P3
1 W3 GWT
4.0 m
SOIL 2
W4
1 2.9 m
W2 P2 P4
SOIL 2
PP P5 P6
0.6 m
4.5 m
2.0 m
Stability Analysis
Determination of the Earth Pressure Coefficients
1  sin  1 - sin 35o

K a1    0.271
1  sin  1  sin 35 o
1  sin  1 - sin 30o

K a2    0.333
1  sin  1  sin 30 o
1  sin  1  sin 30 o
K p2    3.00
1  sin  1  sin 30 o
LATERAL EARTH
ELEM.
PRESSURE
FORCE (kN/m) TOTAL
L. ARM MOMENT
(m) (kNm/m)
Stability Analysis
HORIZONTAL
Active
P1 0.271 x 30 x 2 16.26 4.5 73.17
P2 0.333 x 30 x 3.5 34.97 1.75 61.20
P3 0.5 x 0.271 x 17 x 2 x 2 9.21 4.17 38.41
P4 0.333 x 17 x 2 x 3.5 39.63 1.75 69.35
P5 0.5 x .333 x (20-9.81) x 3.5 x 3.5 20.78 1.167 24.25
P6 0.5 x 9.81 x 3.5 x 3.5 60.09 1.167 70.13
SUM 180.94 336.50
Passive
Pp 0.5 x 3 x 18 x 1.5 x 1.5 60.75 0.5 30.38
VERTICAL
W1 0.5 x 4.9 x 24 58.8 1.75 102.90
W2 0.6 x 4.5 x 24 64.8 2.25 145.80
W3 2 x 2.5 x 17 + 2.9 x 2.5 x 20 + 30 x 2.5 305 3.25 991.25
W4 0.9 x 1.5 x 18 24.3 0.75 18.23
SUM 452.9 1288.55

Stability Analysis
To check for stability of the retaining wall
(i) FOS against overturning > 2.5
Resisting moment 1288.55

FOS    3.83  2.5, thus it is OK
Disturbing moment 336.50
(ii) FOS against sliding > 1.5
RV tan   0.5 Pp 452.9 tan 25o  0.5 x 60.75

FOS    1.34  1.5
RH 180.94
Thus it is not OK
Stability Analysis
(iii) For base pressure

RV  6e 
qb  1  
B  B 
Now, Lever arm of base resultant
 Moment 1288.55 - 336.5

x   2.10
RV 452.9
B
Thus eccentricity e  - x  2.25 - 2.10  0.15
2
452.9  6 x 0.15 
Therefore qb  1  
4.5  4.5 
Stability Analysis
qb = 120.8 and 80.5 kPa
Since maximum base pressure is less than the bearing pressure of the
soil, the foundation is stable against base pressure failure.
DISTRIBUTION OF BASE PRESSURE
80.5 kPa
120.8 kPa
In conclusion the retaining wall is not safe against sliding. To

overcome this the width of the base may be increased or a
key constructed at the toe.
Stability Analysis
Group assignment :
Design a reinforced concrete gravity wall to

support soil of at least 5 m height. The ground
surface may be horizontal or sloping.
Properties and strength parameters of the soil
may be assumed appropriately
The work must be presented to the class,

explaining all the steps undertaken and the
stability checks carried out.

Chapter2-Lateral Earth Pressure RE Wall

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LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE

TOPIC 2 : EARTH RETAINING

2.1 Introduction and overview

Retaining structures such as retaining walls and

2.2 States of Equilibrium

2.2.1 Hydrostatic Pressure and Lateral Thrust

2.2.1 Hydrostatic pressure and lateral thrust

Horizontal pressure due to a liquid

2.2.2 Earth pressure at rest

A If wall AB remains static –

Earth pressure at rest .. cont.

2.2.2.1 Coarse-grained soils

K o  1 - sin  (after Jaky, 1944)

where φ = drained friction angle

For dense sand backfill the above formula grossly

2.2.2.2 Fine-grained soils

(i) Normally consolidated

K o(oc)  K o(nc) OCR (after Massarch, 1979)

where OCR  preconsolidation pressure

2.2.3 Active earth pressure

It can be shown that (refer subsequent slide) :

Active pressure distribution

Based on the previous slide, using

For pure cohesive soil, i.e. when φ = 0 :

2.2.4 Passive earth pressure

Referring to previous slide, it can be shown that :

For cohesionless soil :

For cohesionless soil,

Wall tilt Wall tilt

Rankine’s states of plastic

(a) Active state (b) Passive state

2.3 Lateral Pressure Distribution

2.3.1 Based on Rankine’s Theory

2.3.1 Rankine’s Theory

2.3.1.1 Active pressure for cohesionless soil

2.3.1.2 Effect of surcharge

Effect of a stratified soil

2.3.1.3 Effect of sloping surface

Active pressure,  ha'  K a v' cos 

Passive pressure,  hp'  K p v' cos 

cos  - (cos2  - cos2 ' )

cos   (cos2  - cos2 ' ) 1

The essential steps in the limit equilibrium method are :

Coulomb’s theory and rough walls … cont.

Worked example 8.9 : Polygon of forces

2.4 Retaining Wall

2.4.1 Gravity Walls

2.4.2 Embedded walls

2.4.3 Reinforced and anchored earth

2.4.1 Gravity Walls

Unreinforced masonry wall

2.4.2 Embedded walls

Driven sheet-pile walls

Geotechnicques (ECG433) ARM - 2007

Types of embedded walls

2.4.3 Reinforced and anchored earth

Reinforced earth wall

Reinforced earth and soil nailing

2.5 Stability of Rigid Walls

Failures of the rigid gravity wall may occur

 Overturning failure GLOBAL FAILURE @

The stability of the retaining wall should be checked against :

(i) FOS against overturning (recommended FOS = 2.0)

(ii) FOS against sliding (recommended FOS = 2.0)