UNESCO CHAIR IN WATER RESOURCES

MSc. Program in Water Resources Development & Management

Hydraulic structures & Reservoir operation

A presentation on:
[CONCEPTUAL MODELING TECHNIQUES]
Presenters:
1- Mahmoud Ahmed Breama - 0123494521
2- Nagla Abdalla Ibrahim
3- Nasreen Elzien

Date:09/04/2019 1
Contents:

↗Significant
↗Applications
↗Equations
↗Figures …
↗Problems
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SIGNIFICANT

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SIGNIFICANT:
The significant of chapter 5 (CONCEPTUAL MODELING
TECHNIQUES) resulting from the following:
 Define the system concept generally in addition to the hydrologic
system model.
 Classification of the hydrologic models types.
 The conceptual models depend on specific variables to get the best
results.
 Showing the tools which enable us to treat with the main
components of the hydrological cycle as subsystems to analyze the
whole system.

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APPLICATIONS

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THE APPLICATIONS:
1.Simulate the complete hydrologic processes of watershed systems
at large spatial and temporal scale.
2.The preliminary study, planning, and design of water resources
Projects.
3.Represent the storm rainfall-runoff processes on a watershed.
4.Predicting future changes in the hydrologic system as a whole.
5.Evaluating alternatives to development and management of the
watershed (flood protection… etc.).
6.Management and operation of hydraulic structures.

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Equations

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I. THE SYSTEM TRANSFORMATION: -
Q t  1
     7
I t  1  kD
Where:

 = Transfer function between input and output.

k = Constant with dimension (T), time.

dS
D = Differential operator dt .

I t  = Inflow (input).

Q t  =Out flow (output).

t  = Belongs to time range (T), time.

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II. LINEAR RESERVOIR MODEL IN SERIES: -
M Q2  M I 2  n  n  1 k  2nkM I1     44
2

Where:
M Q2
= the second moment of (DRH) about the time origin divided by the
total direct runoff.
M I2
is the first moment of the (ERH) about the time origin divided by the
total excess rainfall.
M I1
= the first moment of the (ERH) about the time origin divided by the
total effective rainfall.
N= number of series linear reservoirs

K= The same storage coefficient for series linear reservoirs.

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Figures

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Fig. (4): Hydrologic Models Classification

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Fig. (7): Impulse Response Function:

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Problems

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I.EXAMPLE 1:
Represent the storm rainfall- runoff processes on
a watershed as a hydrologic system?
SOLUTION; -
 Watershed = The area draining into a system at a given location.
 Watershed Divide = Line dividing land whose drainage flows
towards the given stream from land whose drainage flows away
from that stream.
 The system boundary = Drawn around the watershed by projecting
the watershed divide vertically upwards and downwards to
horizontal planes at the top and bottom as shown in figure (3).

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Fig. (3): Water Shed Hydrologic System

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I.EXAMPLE 1: cont.
 Rainfall = Input (Distributed in space over the upper plane).
 Stream flow = Output (Concentrated in space at the watershed
outlet), It may include evaporation and subsurface flow.
 The Structure = The set of flow path through soil, including
tributaries it merges to become stream flow at outlet.

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II.5.7.EXAMPLE: -
Given the ERH and DRH shown in figure (12), determine n
and k for the IUH.
SOLUTION; -

Fig. (12) Excess Rainfall hyetograph

ERH and Direct Runoff Hydrograph for
Determination of and IUH
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II. 5.7.EXAMPLE: cont.
Determine the moments of the excess rainfall hydrograph and the direct
runoff hydrograph. Each block in the ERH and DRH has duration of
6  hours  6  3600  21600  sec.    1

The rainfall has been converted to units of m 3 / sec

by multiplying by the watershed area to be dimensionally consistent
with the runoff. The sum of the ordinates of ERH a RH is: -
DRH  ERH  700  m 3 / sec.     2
So the area under each graph =
700  6  4200  m 3 / sec.    3
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II. 5.7.EXAMPLE: cont.
 Incremental  area  Moment  arm 
M I1        4
 Total  area 

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M I1  100  3  300  9  200 15  100  21  11.57h    5
4200
The second moment of area is calculated using the parallel axis theorem.
 Incremental  area  Moment  arm 2 
M I 2    Total  area     6
  Second  moment  about  centroid  of  each  increment 

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II. 5.7.EXAMPLE: cont.
100  3  300  9  200 15
2 2 2
 100  212   
6  
M I2   1  6 3
  166.3h 2
   7
4200
 100  300  200  100 
 12 
By a similar calculation for the direct runoff hydrograph.
M Q1  28.25  h    8
M Q2  882.8  h 2     9
Solving for n and k using equation (43)
n .k  M Q1  M I1    10
n .k  28.25 11.57  16.68    11
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II. 5.7.EXAMPLE: cont.
Solve for n and k using equation (44).
M Q2  M I 2  n  n  1 k  2nkM I1     44    12
2

 M Q2  M I 2  n k  nk  2nkM I1    13
2 2 2

Hence: -
882.8 166.3  16.682  16.68k  2 16.68 11.57    14
Solving gives
k  3.14  h    15
16.68 16.68
n   5.31    16 
k 3.14
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