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Digital transmission involves converting analog signals into a digital format for transmission. The key advantages are noise immunity, higher transmission rates, and ease of processing. Pulse code modulation (PCM) is commonly used, which involves sampling analog signals, quantizing the samples into discrete levels, and encoding the levels into binary codes for transmission. The sampling rate must be at least twice the highest frequency per the Nyquist theorem. Quantization maps infinite amplitude values to a finite set, introducing quantization error. Coding then assigns binary codes to the quantized levels.
Digital transmission involves converting analog signals into a digital format for transmission. The key advantages are noise immunity, higher transmission rates, and ease of processing. Pulse code modulation (PCM) is commonly used, which involves sampling analog signals, quantizing the samples into discrete levels, and encoding the levels into binary codes for transmission. The sampling rate must be at least twice the highest frequency per the Nyquist theorem. Quantization maps infinite amplitude values to a finite set, introducing quantization error. Coding then assigns binary codes to the quantized levels.
Digital transmission involves converting analog signals into a digital format for transmission. The key advantages are noise immunity, higher transmission rates, and ease of processing. Pulse code modulation (PCM) is commonly used, which involves sampling analog signals, quantizing the samples into discrete levels, and encoding the levels into binary codes for transmission. The sampling rate must be at least twice the highest frequency per the Nyquist theorem. Quantization maps infinite amplitude values to a finite set, introducing quantization error. Coding then assigns binary codes to the quantized levels.
• Pulse Modulation consists essentially of sampling
analog information signals and then converting those samples into discrete pulses and transporting the pulses from a source to a destination over a physical transmission medium ANALOG TO DIGITAL ENCODING PCM PROCESSES SAMPLING METHODS What are the restrictions on Ts?
According to the Nyquist theorem, the sampling rate must
be at least 2 times the highest frequency contained in the signal. ILLUSTRATION OF NYQUIST THEOREM PAM QUANTIZATION
• Process of converting an infinite number of
possibilities to a finite number of conditions • Process of rounding off the amplitudes of flat-top samples to a manageable levels • Sampling results in a series of pulses of varying amplitude values ranging between two limits: a Vmin and a Vmax. • The amplitude values are infinite between the two limits. • We need to map the infinite amplitude values onto a finite set of known values. • This is achieved by dividing the distance between min and max into L zones, each of height = (Vmax - Vmin)/L • The midpoint of each zone is assigned a value from 0 to L-1 (resulting in L values) • Each sample falling in a zone is then approximated to the value of the midpoint. ASSIGNING CODES TO ZONES
• Each zone is then assigned a binary code.
• The number of bits required to encode the zones, or the number of bits per sample as it is commonly referred to, is obtained as follows: nb = log2 L QUANTIZED PAM SIGNAL QUANTIZING USING SIGN-MAGNITUDE CODE PCM QUANTIZATION ERROR
When a signal is quantized, we introduce an error - the
coded signal is an approximation of the actual amplitude value. DYNAMIC RANGE
• Ratio of the largest possible magnitude to the
smallest possible magnitude that can be decoded by the DAC in the receiver 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 • 𝐷𝑅 = 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 • 𝐷𝑅 = 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑛 • 𝐷𝑅 = 2 − 1 CODING EFFICIENCY
• A numerical indication of how efficiently a PCM
code is utilized. • Ratio of the minimum number of bits required to achieve a certain dynamic range to the actual number of PCM bits used. CODING
•The last step in PCM
•CODING METHODS •level-at-a-Time Coding •Digit-at-a-Time Coding •Word-at-a-Time Coding BIT RATE AND BANDWIDTH REQUIREMENTS OF PCM • The bit rate of a PCM signal can be calculated from the number of bits per sample x the sampling rate Bit rate = nb x fs PCM Bandwidth DELTA MODULATION
• This scheme sends only the difference between
pulses, if the pulse at time tn+1 is higher in amplitude value than the pulse at time tn, then a single bit, say a “1”, is used to indicate the positive value. • If the pulse is lower in value, resulting in a negative value, a “0” is used. • This scheme works well for small changes in signal values between samples. • If changes in amplitude are large, this will result in large errors. FROM ANALOG TO PCM