BJT Complete

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Islamabad
Wah Campus
Transistor
COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

Main building block of electronic system is the Transistor.
There are two basic transistor types:
Two Types
BJT FET
JFET
MOSFET

Bipolar Junction Transistor
(BJT)
http://www.learnabout-electronics.org/bipolar_junction_transistors_05.php
https://www.youpak.com/watch?v=jVyyHfsAfyA

Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)
Bipolar Junction Transistor or BJT is a three terminal component.
Three terminals are called the emitter, the collector and the base.
The emitter and collector terminal are made of same type of
Semiconductor material (either p-type or n-type) while the base
Is made of the other type material.
Basic Structure and Schematic Symbols for npn and pnp BJT

Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) Cont...
Biasing Arrangement For both npn and pnp transistor
In both cases base-emitter(BE) junction is forward biased and base-collector(BC)

Junction is reverse biased.

Forward bias B to E narrows the BE depletion region.
Revrse bias B to C wider the BC depletion region.
Emitter is higly doped.
Base is lightly dope.
Collector is modrately doped.
Transistor Currents
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DC Beta
Ratio of the dc collector current Ic to the dc base current IB is the dc Beta.

Which is the dc current gain of a transistor.
DC Alpha
Ratio of the dc collector current Ic to the dc emitter current IE is the dc Alpha.

By Ohm’s Law
By Apply K.V.L
1 Put this value in eq 1 and it becomes

Solving for IB
Voltage at the collector w.r.t ground
2
Since the drop across Rc
Put this value in eq 2 and it becomes
Voltage across the reverse bias base collector junction
So Collector Current is


Transistor opreationg regions are called cutoff, active and saturation.
Base-Emitter Junction Collector-Base Junction Opreating Region

Revese Biased Revese Biased Cutoff
Forward Biased Revese Biased Active
Forward Biased Forward Biased Saturation
Collector Characteristic Curve

Collector Characteristic Curve cont...



Now, see if IB is large enough to produce Ic (sat).

Transistor Amplification
Ac emitter current is The ratio f Vc to Vb is the ac voltage

gain, Av of the transistor circuit.
Than Ac collector voltage is
Ac collector voltage

Transistor Amplification Cont....
The Ie term cancel

The Transistor As A Switch
Condition in Cuttoff Condition in Saturation

A Simple Application Transistor As A Switch

DC Operating Point

DC Operating Point
Case -a
IB = 200 µA and IC = 20 mA

DC Operating Point
Case - b

DC Operating Point
Case - c

DC Operating Point

LM 741 Op Amplifier

Voltage Divider Biasing
(a): IB < current through R2

(b): IB > current through R2

Input Resistance at The Transistor Base

Analysis of a Voltage Divider Bias Circuit

Emitter Voltage
Emitter Current
Collector Voltage
VCE


Stability of Voltage Divider Bias Circuit

Stability of Voltage Divider Bias Circuit

Voltage Divider Bias Circuit

Base Bias Circuit

Base Bias Circuit

Base Bias Circuit

Base Bias Circuit

Emitter Bias

Emitter Bias

Q-Point Stability of Emitter Bias

Emitter Bias

Emitter Bias

Emitter Bias

Collector Feedback Bias



Transistor Equivalent Ac Circuts

Common Emitter Amplifier
http://www.learningaboutelectronics.com/Articles/What-is-a-coupling-capacitor
https://www.elprocus.com/bypass-capacitor-its-functions-and-applications/
http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/circuits/transistor/common-emitter-
amplifier-configuration.php

Dc Analysis

Ac Analysis

Ac Analysis

Ac Analysis
Input Resistance at base

Problem

Voltage Gain

Overall Voltage Gain

Effect of the Emitter bypass capacitor on voltage gain
Problem

Voltage Gain without bypass capacitor
Problem

Effect of load on voltage gain

Problem

Stability of voltage gain

Effect of swamping on the Input resistance
Phase Inversion in a Common emitter amplifier

Problem

Problem

Problem

Problem

Problem


Current gain
Power gain

Common Collector Amplifier

Voltage gain

Input Resistance
Output Resistance

Current gain
Power gain

Example

Example

Common Base Amplifier

Voltage gain Input Resistance
Output Resistance Current gain Power gain


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oci80Csr1zk

Comparison of amplifier cofiguration

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COMSATS University

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

In both cases base-emitter(BE) junction is forward biased and base-collector(BC)

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Ratio of the dc collector current Ic to the dc base current IB is the dc Beta.

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1 Put this value in eq 1 and it becomes

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Voltage at the collector w.r.t ground

Put this value in eq 2 and it becomes

Voltage across the reverse bias base collector junction

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

Base-Emitter Junction Collector-Base Junction Opreating Region

Collector Characteristic Curve

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COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

Now, see if IB is large enough to produce Ic (sat).

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

Ac emitter current is The ratio f Vc to Vb is the ac voltage

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

Condition in Cuttoff Condition in Saturation

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COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

(a): IB < current through R2

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus