Physics derived from Ancient Greek "knowledge of nature"

 the main goal of physics is to

understand how the universe behaves the study of matter and
its motion and behavior
through space and time,
along with related concepts
such as energy and force
 Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass
 The word matter comes from the Latin word materia, meaning “material” or “stuff

Examples of Matter:
 matter is easily observed with our own senses . . . rocks, trees, bicycles, air . . .
Basically everything and anything!
 The only thing that wouldn’t be matter would be energy (sunlight, heat,
electricity).
 - no mass or volume so they can’t be matter
 Solid

Liquid Matter Gases

Plasma
 The fixed, closely packed arrangement of particles causes a solid to have a definite
shape and volume
 Solids have mass.
 Solids take up space.
 Have very little energy
 Vibrate in place
 particles are free to move, a liquid
has no definite shape. But have a
definite volume
 However, the shape of a liquid
changes with the shape of its
container.
 Particles in liquids are loosely
packed
 Have medium energy levels
 gas particles spread apart, filling all
the space available.
 gas has neither definite shape nor
definite volume.
 Gas particles move freely
 Have LOTS of energy
 Lightning is a plasma.
 Used in fluorescent light bulbs and Neon lights.
 Plasma is like a gas, but the particles are electrically charged
 Have EXTREMELY high energy levels
 Matter

Molecules, and Solutions, and

Elements Mixtures
Compounds Suspensions
 Elements are the simplest form of matter
 Cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
 Each element is made of atoms of the same type.
 Each has a unique set of physical and chemical properties.
 117 known elements in the universe.
 Approximately 92 are found naturally on Earth

Examples of Elements:
 gold Nitrogen
 silver
 Carbon
 oxygen
 Hydrogen
 Compounds are two or more elements combined chemically together
 have different Properties from the properties of the elements that make them
 Elements in a compound have a fixed ratio.
 When two or more atoms combine, they form a molecule.
 Most molecules are made of two or more atoms
 A molecule is the smallest particle of a substance
with the same properties of the substance

 NOTE: Compounds are different

than molecules because
compound is used to
describe the substance in
general, while molecule
describes the smallest
particle of the substance
 A mixture is a combination of two or more substances NOT combined chemically.

May be a mixture of both elements

and compounds
 Substances keep their unique
properties and can be separated by
physical means.
 There are two types of mixtures . . .

 Heterogeneous – the parts of the mixture

are noticeably different from one another.

 Homogeneous – the parts (substances) are

evenly distributed. It is difficult to tell one
substance from another.
 A solution is a mixture that looks like a single substance and has the same
properties throughout

 Solute ~ The substance that dissolves in a solution.

 Solvent ~ The substance into which the

solute dissolves.

 In a suspension components are dispersed, but large enough to see and settle out
 Physical property is a property that can be observed without changing the identity
of the substance.

Examples:
 viscosity  melting point
 conductivity  boiling point
 malleability  density
 hardness  color
 magnetism
 Viscosity of a substance is
its resistance to flow.

Examples: water = low viscosity

honey = high viscosity

Conductivity is a material’s ability to allow heat

to flow.

Examples: metal = high conductivity

wood = poor conductivity
 Malleability of a substance is
its ability to be hammered into a thin sheet

Melting and Boiling points are the temperatures at which a

solid becomes a liquid and a liquid becomes a gas.

Density of a substance is the ratio of its mass

compared to its volume.
 Two common separation methods:

Filtration – process that separates

materials based on the size of their
particles.

Distillation – process that separates the

substances in a solution based on their
boiling points.
 Chemical property is any ability to produce a change in the composition of matter

Examples of chemical properties . . .

flammability reactivity

Material’s ability to How readily a substance

burn in the presence combines chemically with
of oxygen. other substances.
 Chemical changes occur when a substance reacts and forms one or more new
substances.

 A change in color.
 Production of a gas.
 Formation of a precipitate.
 Change in temperature
 Energy production