POWER PLANT

LAYOUT AND
EQUIPMENT
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
LAYOUT:

3
 MAIN COMPONENTS OF
HYDROELECTRIC POWER
PLANT:

4
DAM AND RESERVOIR

▪ The dam is constructed on

a large river in hilly areas
to ensure sufficient water
storage at height.
▪ The dam forms a large
reservoir behind it. The
height of water level
(called as water head) in
the reservoir determines
how much of potential 5
energy is stored in it.
SELECTION SITES FOR DAMS:

▪ For achieving economy the water storage should be largest for

the minimum possible height and length.
▪ For safe and cheap construction good foundation should be
available at moderate depth.
▪ Material for construction should be available at a dam site
nearby.
▪ For passing the surplus water, after the reservoir has been
filled up to its maximum capacity a spillway is to be provided.
▪ The value of the property and the land likely to be submerged
by the proposed dam should be sufficiently low in comparison 6

with benefits expected from the project.

 TYPES OF DAMS ON THE HEAD
LEVEL:
▪ LOW HEAD
HYDROELECTRIC
POWER PLANTS
▪ MEDIUM HEAD
HYDROELECTRIC
POWER PLANTS
▪ HIGH HEAD
HYDROELECTRIC
POWER PLANTS 7
CONTROL GATE

▪ Water from the reservoir is

allowed to flow through the
penstock to the turbine.
▪ The amount of water which is
to be released in the
penstock can be controlled
by a control gate.
▪ When the control gate is fully
opened, maximum amount of
water is released through the
penstock. 8
PENSTOCK

▪ A penstock is a huge
steel pipe which
carries water from the
reservoir to the
turbine.
▪ Potential energy of the
water is converted
into kinetic energy as
it flows down through
the penstock due to 9

gravity.
HYDRO TURBINE
▪ Water from the penstock is taken
into the water turbine. The turbine
is mechanically coupled to an
electric generator. Kinetic energy of
the water drives the turbine and
consequently the generator gets
driven. There are two main types of
water turbine; (i) Impulse turbine
and (ii) Reaction turbine. Impulse
turbines are used for large heads
and reaction turbines are used for 10
low and medium heads.
Hydraulic Turbines is classified
on basis of types of action on
the runner

IMPULSE TURBINE REACTION TURBINE

11
 COMMON TYPES OF TURBINES:

Keplan Runner

Pelton Runner
Francis Runner

12
TYPES OF IMPLUSE TURBINES:

TURGO RUNNER PELTON RUNNER

13
TYPES OF REACTION TURBINES:

FRANCIS RUNNER KEPLAN RUNNER

14
GENERATOR
▪ A generator is mounted
in the power house and it
is mechanically coupled
to the turbine shaft.
When the turbine blades
are rotated, it drives the
generator and electricity
is generated which is
then stepped up with the
help of a transformer for
the transmission 15
purpose.
Commonly used Generators in
Hydro Power Plants:
INDUCTION GENERATORS SALIENT POLES
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
are used in small are used because the
hydroelectric applications
hydraulic turbine
(less than 5 MVA) due to
their lower cost which operates at low
results from elimination speeds, requiring a
of the exciter, voltage relatively large
regulator, and number of field poles
synchronizer associated
to produce the rated
with synchronous 16

generators. frequency.
SURGE TANK
▪ Surge tanks are usually provided in high or
medium head power plants when considerably
long penstock is required.
▪ A surge tank is a small reservoir or tank which is
open at the top. It is fitted between the reservoir
and the power house.
▪ The water level in the surge tank rises or falls to
reduce the pressure swings in the penstock.
When there is sudden reduction in load on the
turbine, the governor closes the gates of the
turbine to reduce the water flow. This causes
pressure to increase abnormally in the penstock.
▪ This is prevented by using a surge tank, in which
the water level rises to reduce the pressure. On
the other hand, the surge tank provides excess
water needed when the gates are suddenly
opened to meet the increased load demand. 17
TRANSFORMER

▪ The main function of

the transformer is to
step up the voltage
and pass it out to the
electrical grid or
power house.
18
LAYOUT OF HYDROELECTRIC
POWER PLANT

19
GENERAL LAYOUT:

20
 HYDROELECTRIC POWER
PLANTS IN THE PHILIPPINES

21
ANGAT HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

▪ Located at
Norzagaray,
Bulacan

▪ DESIGN
CAPACITY :
246 MW
22
PULANGI IV HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

▪ Located at
Maramag,
Bukidnon

▪ Capacity: 255 MW
23
SAN ROQUE HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

▪ Located at San
Manuel and San
Nicolas, Pangasinan

▪ CAPACITY : 345 MW

24
MAGAT HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

▪ Located at
Ramon, Isabela

▪ CAPACITY :
360 MW

25
KALAYAAN PUMPED STORAGE HYDOELECTRIC
POWER PUMP

▪ Located at
Kalayaan, Laguna

▪ CAPACITY :
685 MW

26
2. WIND POWER PLANT
LAYOUT AND COMPONENTS
HISTORY

▪ One of the earliest energy resources.

▪ Windmill were mentioned at the beginning of Islamic
Civilization (7th century).
▪ Windmills used for pumping water.
▪ Egyptians may have been the first to go up the Nile
River around 4th century powered by wind.
▪ Chinese used vertical axis to windmills to grind grain.
28
WIND POWER PLANT

▪ Wind power generation  getting the electrical energy

by converting wind energy into rotating energy of the
blades and converting that rotating energy into
electrical energy by the generator.

▪ Wind energy increases with the cube of the wind speed,

therefore WTGs should be installed in the higher wind
speed area.
29
WIND POWER PLANT
CHARACTERISTICS:
▪ No CO2 emission.
▪ Wind is a safe energy source existing
everywhere, and there is no need to worry
about depletion like fossil fuel.
▪ Simple equipments and easy operation.
▪ Few affection to. nature environment
30
WIND POWER PLANT LAYOUT:

31
TWO TYPES OF WIND FARM:

OFFSHORE WIND ONSHORE

FARM WIND FARM

32
OFFSHORE WIND FARM:

33
OFFSHORE WIND FARM:
ADVANTAGES:
▪ Windmills can be built a lot
bigger and taller allowing for
more energy collection from
larger windmills.
▪ Typically out at sea, there is a
much higher wind speed/force
allowing for more energy to be
created at a time.
▪ There are no physical
restrictions such as hills or
buildings that could block the
wind flow.
DISADVANTAGES:
▪ The biggest disadvantage of an
offshore wind farm is the cost.
Offshore wind farms are 90%
more expensive than fossil fuel
generators, and 50% more than
nuclear.
▪ The long cables result in voltage
drop off meaning that a loss of
power occurs the further the
cable runs.
34
ONSHORE WIND FARM:

35
ONSHORE WIND FARM:
ADVANTAGES:
▪ The cost of onshore wind farm is
relatively cheap, allowing for
mass farms of wind turbines.
▪ The shorter distance between
the windmill and the consumer
allows for less voltage drop off
on the cabling.
▪ Wind turbines are very quick to
install, unlike a nuclear power
station, which can take over
twenty years, a windmill can be
built in a matter of months.
DISADVANTAGES:
▪ One of the biggest issues of
onshore wind farms is that many
deem them to be an eye sore on
the landscape.
▪ They don’t produce energy all
year round due to often poor
wind speed or physical
blockages such as buildings or
hills.
▪ The noise that wind turbines
create can be compared to as
the same as a lawn mower often
causing noise pollution for 36
nearby communities.
HOW DO YOU CONVERT WIND INTO
ELECTRICITY?

37
WIND TURBINE:

38
MECHANICAL COMPONENTS:
▪ Foundation ▪ Gearbox
▪ Tower ▪ Yaw motor and
▪ Blades drive
▪ Hub ▪ Wind vane and
▪ Nacelle Anemometer
▪ Generator ▪ Controller
▪ Turbine brake
39
FOUNDATION

▪ The foundation of large

structures are mounted on a
number of piles that inserted
in the ground by hammering
action.
▪ The tower is bolted to the
foundation by a number of
bolts.
▪ A plastic cover can be used
for protection of bolts from
rain and snow. 40
TOWER

TUBULAR LATTICE ▪ The tower supports the

TOWER TOWER other parts and hold them
in the air.

▪ The tower must be

structurally strong to
withstand the weights of
the components it
supports and the forces
from the wind.
41
BLADES

▪ Lift forces in the turbine in

▪ The angles of blades are
▪ Blades are the parts of wind
turbine that catch the wind
the three blades give rise to a
torque on the hub of turbine
and the hub start rotating due
to this torque at the turbine
shaft also start rotating
which is coupled with the
gear box.
changed according to the
condition of air with the pitch
adjustment mechanism 42

energy. installed on hub

BLADES MATERIAL:
▪ The ability to withstand environmental impacts such
as lightning strikes, humidity, and temperature.
▪ High fatigue resistance to withstand cyclic loading.
▪ High strength to withstand strong loading of wind and
gravitational force of the blade itself.
▪ Low weight or density to reduce gravitational forces.
▪ Wide availability and easy processing to reduce cost
and maintenance.
43
HUB

▪ The hub is the part on which

the blades are fitted.
▪ Attached with the low speed
shaft which is connected
with gearbox.
▪ The hub and blades always
rotates together when a
turbine is working.
▪ All energy grasp from wind is
on the turbine shaft.
44
NACELLE

▪ Nacelle is the intermediate

part between the rotor and
the tower.
▪ A nacelle is a cover housing
that houses all of the
generating components in a
wind turbine (generator,
gearbox, drive train, and
brake assembly).
▪ The nacelle does not rotate
with the rotor but it must
45
rotate with the respect to the
tower.
GENERATOR

▪ An electric generator
converts mechanical
energy to electrical
energy.
▪ It comes in different
sizes, that is
proportional to the
power it has.
46
TURBINE BRAKE

▪ Brake is used to stop turbine

in emergency situation such
as extreme gust events or
over speed.
▪ Secondary means to hold the
turbine at rest for
maintenance.
▪ Mechanical brakes are driven
by hydraulic systems and are
connected to main control
box. 47
GEARBOX

▪ A gearbox increase the rotor

speed to become appropriate
for the generator. The speeds
for most generators are
between 900 to 1800 rpm.
▪ A wind turbine gearbox then
must increase the speed by a
ratio of around 1:75.
▪ Planetary gear is the most
common type of gear.
48
YAW MOTOR AND DRIVE

▪ The yaw system of

wind turbine is the
component
responsible for the
orientation of the
wind turbine rotor
towards the wind.
49
WIND VANE AND ANEMOMETER

▪ Wind vane is used to know

the direction of air, it is
essential to yaw a turbine
to the wind direction,
otherwise a turbine does
not get the full energy
from wind and it may even
stop.
▪ The wind vane and anemometer
▪ Anemometer is used to
are usually mounted on the top
of the roof of the nacelle.
measure the speed of 50
wind.
CONTROLLER

▪ Controller is an electronic device which take the signals

from the anemometer and wind vane.

▪ On the base of these signals, it gives power to the yaw

control motors and pitch control system.

51
TWO TYPES OF WIND TURBINE:

VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE ▪ It does not have to align

itself with the wind and
(VAWT)
hence using these turbines
are more suitable where the
direction of wind
significantly varies
▪ We can extend it to the
bottom level where we can
couple a generator with the
vertical shaft with the help
of ground-based gearbox
which facilitates easier
maintenance. 52
TWO TYPES OF WIND TURBINE:

HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND TURBINE ▪ In HAWT the turbine rotor

couples the electrical
(HAWT)
generator and this turbine
generator set is placed on
the top of the turbine tower.
▪ A wind sensor with
servomotor keeps the axis
of the turbine along the path
of the wind.
▪ Three blades design is more
mechanically stable and can
have less torque ripple.
53
BURGOS WIND FARM

▪ Largest wind farm in the

Southeast Asia.
▪ Located at Ilocos Norte.
▪ Capacity: 150 MW
▪ The project included 13.6
kilometers of access
roads and 50 concrete
foundation structures
for 50 units of 3 MW wind
turbine generators.
54
BIOMASS

▪ Composed of plant or animal material

used for energy production, heat
production, or in various industrial
processes as raw material for a range of
products

56
BIOMASS POWER PLANT LAYOUT:

57
BIOMASS POWER PLANT LAYOUT:

58
DRAX POWER STATION, UK

▪ TOTAL CAPACITY:
4000 MW
▪ Uses low-grade
wood pellets such
as forest thinning’s
and waste from
sawmills 59
ALHOLMENS, KRAFT BIOMASS GENERATOR,
FINLAND

▫ Total
capacity:
265 MW
▫ Uses wood
based bio-
fuels 60
 ATIKOKAN GENERATING STATION, CANADA

○ Total capacity:
205 MW

○ Uses woodpellets

61
NEW HOPE POWER PARTNERSHIP BIOMASS POWER
PLANT

○ Total capacity:
140 MW

○ Uses woodpellets

62
UNIPER MAASVLAKTE 3 BIOMASS POWER PLANT,
NETHERLANDS

○ Total capacity:
1070 MW

63
 BILFINGER RODENHUIZE BIOMASS POWER
STATION, BELGIUM

○ Total capacity:
180 MW

64
BILFINGER RODENHUIZE BIOMASS POWER
STATION, BELGIUM

○ Total capacity:
180 MW

65
WA BIOMASS MANJIMUP BIOMASS POWER PLANT,
AUSTRALIA

○ Total capacity:
40 MW

○ Use timber

66
VASKILUODON VOIMA OY BIOMASS POWER PLANT,
FINLAND

○ Total capacity:
140 MW

67
 TEES RENEWABLE ENERGY PLANT, UK

○ Total capacity:
299 MW

○ Use wood pellets

68
TRANSFORMERS USED IN PLANTS:

○ Total capacity:
49.9- 60 MW

69
GREEN POWER PANAY PHILIPPINES INC.

■ Located in Mina,
Iloilo, Panay

■ TOTAL CAPACITY:
35 MW
70
GREEN POWER BUKIDNON PHILIPPINES INC.

■ Located in
Maramag, Bukidnon

■ TOTAL CAPACITY:
35 MW 71
GREEN POWER CAGAYAN PHILIPPINES INC.

■ Located in Alacala,
Cagayan

■ TOTAL CAPACITY:
35 MW 72
GREEN POWER NUEVA ECIJA PHILIPPINES INC.

■ Located in San
Leonardo, Nueva
Ecija
■ TOTAL CAPACITY:
35 MW 73
ASEAGAS CORPORATION

■ Located in Lian,
Batangas
■ TOTAL CAPACITY:
8.8 MW
74
SAN CARLOS BIOPOWER

■ Located in San
Carlos City, Negros
Occidental
■ TOTAL CAPACITY:
19.9 MW 75
ISABELA BIOMASS ENERGY

■ Located in Alicia,
Isabela
■ TOTAL CAPACITY:
18 MW
76
ASEA ONE POWER

■ Located in Aklan,
Panay
■ TOTAL CAPACITY:
42 MW
77
 BIOMASS POWER PLANT

LOCATION
With abundant supplies of
biomass energy resources

78
STEAM POWER PLANT

▪ The steam power plant is the important source

to produce the electricity.
▪ The major portion of electricity demand is
fulfilled by the steam power plant.
▪ It is also called as thermal power plant.
▪ It provides the electricity requirement to
different areas.
80
 ADVANTAGES:
▪ As compared with power
generating plant, it has low
initial cost and hence
economical.
▪ Less land area is required as
compared with the hydro power
plant. Easy maintenance cost.
▪ Coal is used as fuel and the cost
of coal is cheaper than petrol
and diesel fuel. So the power
generation cost is economical.
▪ Steam power plant can be
installed in any area where
water sources and
transportation facility are easily
available.
DISADVANTAGES:
▪ The running cost of steam
power plant is comparatively
high because of fuel,
maintenance, etc.
▪ If we talk about the overall
efficiency of steam power plant,
than is about 35 % to 41% which
is low.
▪ Due to the release of burnt
gases of the coal or fuel, it
contributes to the global
warming to a larger extent
▪ The heated water that is thrown
in the rivers, ponds etc puts and
adverse effect on the living 81
organism of water and disturbs
the ecology.
STEAM POWER PLANT LAYOUT:

82
 MAIN AND AUXILIARY
COMPONENTS OF STEAM
POWER PLANT:

83
COAL HANDLING PLANT

▪ The function of coal

handling plant is
automatic feeding
of coal to the boiler
furnace.
84
PULVERISING PLANT

▪ Pulverising is a
means of exposing
a large surface
area to the action
of oxygen and
consequently
combustion. 85
DRAFT SYSTEM

▪ Circulation of air is
caused by a
difference of in
pressure.

86
BOILER

▪ Boiler is a close
vessel in which
water under
pressure, is
converted into
steam.
87
ASH HANDLING PLANT

▪ The stations use

some conveyors
arrangement to
carry ash to damp
site directly or for
carrying it to trucks
which transport it to
site of disposal. 88
TURBINE

▪ Converts heat
energy of steam
into mechanical
energy and drives
the generator.

89
ALTERNATOR

▪ Convert
mechanical energy
of turbine into
electrical energy.

90
COOLING TOWER AND PONDS

▪ Most plants use a

cooling system
where water
coming from
condenser is
cooled and reused.
91
ECONOMISER

▪ Flue gasses coming

out of the boiler
carry lot of heat. An
economiser
extracts a part of
this heat from flue
gasses and uses it
for heating feed 92

water.
FEED WATER HEATER

▪ Feed Water
heating improves
overall plant
efficiency.

93
PRECIPITATOR – The waste gasses from
boiler are first pass through precipitators
to separate solid dust particles.

SUPERHEATER – Is a component of a
steam-generating unit in which steam,
after it has left the boiler drum, is heated
above its saturation temperature.

REHEATER – Is also steam boiler

component in which heat is added to this
intermediate-pressure steam, which has
given up some of its energy in expansion
through the high-pressure turbine. 94
95
SUAL POWER STATION

▪ Coal
▪ Sual, Pangasinan,
Philippines
▪ Capacity: 1,294MW
▪ Commissioned on 1999
▪ Owned by Team Energy
▪ San Miguel Corporation is
the IPPA of the facility
since 2009. 96
98
DIESEL POWER PLANT COMPONENTS:

▪ Diesel Engine ▪ Engine Exhaust

▪ Engine Fuel System
System ▪ Engine Cooling
System
▪ Engine Air
Intake ▪ Engine Starting
▪ Engine
▪ Engine
Lubrication
Alternator
99
DIESEL ENGINE

▪ Diesel engine is one of the main components

present in the diesel power plant.
▪ In a diesel power station, diesel engine is used as
the prime mover.
▪ The diesel burns inside the engine and the products
of this combustion act as the working fluid to
produce mechanical energy.
▪ The diesel engine drives alternator which converts 10
mechanical energy into electrical energy. 0
FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEM

▪ Fuel from the storage

tank is pumped
through a filter into a
smaller tank called all
day tank. This tank
supply the daily
requirements of the
diesel engine. 101
ENGINE AIR INTAKE

▪ The air required for

the combustion of the
fuel inside the diesel
engine cylinder is
drawn to the air filter.
▪ The purpose of the
filter is to remove
dust from the 10
incoming air. 2
ENGINE EXHAUST SYSTEM
▪ The purpose of
exhaust system is to
discharge.
▪ The engine cylinder
exhaust to the
atmosphere.
▪ A silencer is
incorporated to
reduce the noise 10
3
level.
ENGINE COOLING SYSTEM
▪ The cooling system consists
of a water source, pump and
cooling towers.
▪ The pump circulates water
through cylinder and head
jacket.
▪ The water takes away heat
form engine and itself
becomes hot.
▪ The hot water is cooled by
cooling towers and is 10
recirculated for cooling. 4
ENGINE STARTING
▪ An arrangement to rotate the
engine initially while starting,
until firing starts and the unit
runs with its own power. In
larger units, compressed air is
used for starting; air at high
pressure is admitted to a few of
the cylinders, causing them to
act as reciprocating air motors
to turn over the engine shaft.
Fuel is admitted to the
remaining cylinders which start
the engine under its own 10
power. 5
ENGINE ALTERNATOR

▪ A diesel generator
(also known as diesel
genset) is the
combination of a
diesel engine with an
electric generator
(often an alternator)
to generate electrical
10
energy. 6
ENGINE LUBRICATION
▪ Comprises of lubricating oil
tank, pump, filter and oil
cooler.
▪ Minimizes wear of rubbing
surfaces of the engine.
▪ Lubricating oil is drawn
from the lubricating oil tank
by the pump and is passed
through filters to remove
impurities.
▪ Oil coolers keep the 10
7
temperature of the oil low.
 ADVANTAGES:
▪ Both of design and layout of the
plant are quite simple.
▪ Can be started quickly and can
pick up load in a short time.
▪ No standby losses; less
operating staff; can be located
anywhere.
▪ Requires less quantity of water
for cooling.
▪ Overall cost is much less than
that of steam power station of
same capacity.
▪ Thermal efficiency of the plant
is higher than that of a steam
power station.
DISADVANTAGES:
▪ High running charges as the fuel
(diesel) used is costly.
▪ Does not work satisfactorily
under overload conditions for a
long period.
▪ Generates small amount of
power.
▪ Cost of lubrication is high.
▪ Maintenance charges are high.
10
8
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT :

▪ is a thermal power station

in which the heat source is
a nuclear reactor.

110
NUCLEAR FISSION:
▫ is a process in nuclear physics
in which the nucleus of an
atom splits into two or more
smaller nuclei as fission
products, and usually some
by-product particles. 111
112
 CONTAINMENT BUILDING:
▪ is a reinforced steel or lead structure
enclosing a nuclear reactor. It is designed, in
any emergency, to contain the escape of
radioactive steam or gas to a maximum
pressure in the range of 275 to 550 kPa (40 to
80 psi).

113
114
 NUCLEAR REACTOR
▪ is the source of intense heat which is in turn
used for the generation of power in nuclear
power plant.

115
116
 COMPONENTS OF A NUCLEAR
REACTOR:
• Coolant
• Control Rods
• Pressure Vessel
• Moderator
• Steam Generator

117
• Moderator
▪ Material in the core which slows down the neutrons released
from fission so that they cause more fission.
• Control Rods
▪ These are made with neutron-absorbing material such as
cadmium, hafnium or boron, and are inserted or withdrawn from the
core to control the rate of reaction, or to halt it.
• Coolant
▪ A fluid circulating through the core so as to transfer the heat
from it. In light water reactors the water moderator functions also as
primary coolant.
• Pressure Vessel
• Steam Generator
118
• Pressure Vessel
▪ Usually a robust steel vessel containing the
reactor core and moderator/coolant, but it may be a
series of tubes holding the fuel and conveying the
coolant through the surrounding moderator.
• Steam Generator
▪ Part of the cooling system of pressurised
water reactors where the high-pressure primary
coolant bringing heat from the reactor is used to
make steam for the turbine.
119
 CONDENSER

• Condenser is a commonly used term for a

water-cooled shell and tube heat
exchanger installed on the exhaust steam
from a steam turbine in thermal power
stations.

12
0
121
 COOLING TOWER

• is a heat rejection device that rejects

waste heat to the atmosphere through
the cooling of a water stream to a lower
temperature

12
2
12
3
 STEAM TURBINE

• is a device that extracts thermal energy

from pressurized steam and uses it to do
mechanical work on a rotating output
shaft.

12
4
12
5
 ELECTRIC GENERATOR

• converts mechanical power supplied by

the turbine into electrical power

12
6
12
7
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

12
8
12
9
13
0
SOLAR POWER PLANT LAYOUT:

13
2
SOLAR POWER PLANT LAYOUT:

13
3
SOLAR POWER PLANT LAYOUT:

13
4
SOLAR POWER PLANT LAYOUT:

13
5
 SOLAR POWER PLANT LAYOUT:

ELECTRICAL
HOUSE
-LV DISTRBUTION PANEL
-POWER CONDITIONER
-PV MODULES
-JUNCTION BOX
-TRANSDUCER BOX
-LIGHTNING ARRESTER 13
-PYRANOMETER 6
-PYRHELIOMETER
SOLAR POWER PLANT
MATERIALS:

13
7
PV MODULE

▪ A unit comprised of
several PV cells, and
the principal unit of a
PV array; it is intended
to generate direct
current power under
un-concentrated
sunlight. 13
8
COMBINER BOX/JUNCTION BOX

▪ A solar panel’s junction box is attached to

the back of the solar panel.The role of the
combiner box is to bring the output of
several solar strings together.
▪ The combiner box should reside between
the solar modules and inverter. Solar
combiner boxes are engineered to provide
overcurrent and overvoltage protection to
enhance inverter protection and
reliability.
▪ In addition, lightning protection elements
are also incorporated to prevent
equipment failure due to lightning
strikes. Some of the products are junction 13
boxes (distributed powercons) that are 9
integrated with the power conditioner.
LOW VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION PANEL

▪ The distribution switchboard is

further divided into a number of
functional units, each encompassing
the electrical and mechanical
constituents that wholly contribute to
the completion of a certain utility.

▪ The Low-Voltage
▪ The distribution switchboard
represents a vital component in the
distribution switchboard is the point dependability of the electrical
in which all-incoming power supplies system.
divide into separate circuits, each of
which is managed and safeguarded by 14
the fuses or switchgears of the 0
switchboard.
 AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATORS AND
POWER CONDITIONERS
The typical power conditioner is an
automatic voltage regulator combined with
one or more other power-quality
capabilities such as:
▪ Surge suppression
▪ Short circuit protection (circuit
breaker)
▪ Line noise reduction
▪ Phase-to-phase voltage balancing
▪ Harmonic filtering, etc.
▪ An AVR is at the heart of devices
▪ Power conditioners are typically used
often called power conditioners or in low voltage (< 600V) applications
power stabilizers. and sizes below 2,000 kVA. 141
PYRANOMETER

▪ A pyranometer is a type of
actinometer that can
measure solar irradiance on
a planar surface.

▪ It is a sensor that is
designed to measure the
solar radiation flux density(
in watts per meter square)
14
from a field of view of 180 o . 2
PYRHELIOMETER

▪ A pyrheliometer is an
instrument for measurement
of direct solar irradiance of
direct solar irradiance.
▪ It is used with a solar tracking
system to keep the instrument
aimed at the sun.
▪ A pyrheliometer is often used
in the same setup with
pyranometer. 14
3
BI-DIRECTIONAL METERS

▪ Bi-directional meters are used to

calculate both export and import of
the energy.
▪ bidirectional meter measures power
flows going into and out of your home
or business. The difference between a
bidirectional meter and a traditional
meter is that the bidirectional meter
has three different readings: (1)
delivered, (2) received, and (3) net;
whereas the traditional meter only
has one reading: (1) delivered.
▪ PERCENT ERROR OF POWER PLANT 14
METER ±0.03% 4
99.97 % to 100.03 %
SYSTEM MONITORING

▪ Solar power plant monitoring

systems are software
solutions that monitor the
various aspects of solar power
plants and provide reporting
and analytics of these in a way
that is easy for end users to
understand. Monitoring and
control of photovoltaic
systems is essential for
reliable functioning and
14
maximum yield of any solar 5
electric system.
BACK-UP GENERATOR

▪ A diesel generator (also known

as diesel genset) is the
combination of a diesel engine
with an electric generator
(often an alternator) to
generate electrical energy.
This is a specific case of
engine-generator. A diesel
compression-ignition engine
is usually designed to run on
diesel fuel, but some types are
14
adapted for other liquid fuels 6
or natural gas.