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ENGLISH
LITERATURE
4. Neo-Classical Age (1660-1798)
Restoration Age (1660-1700)
Augustan Literature
Age of Sensibility
Old English was spoken and written in various forms from 5 th to 12th
century. it derived from several West German dialects that were
brought to Britain by invaders.
After Norman conquest, it later became subordinated to Latin
(language of learning and religion) and French (language of court and
government)
Norman Conquest:
literature was only produced after 1350 when English was permitted in
law court and schools
THE MIDDLE AGES OR
ANGLO-NORMAN
PERIOD (1100 - 1500)
The Norman Conquest inaugurated a distinctly new epoch in the literary
as well as political history of England.
Throughout the whole period, which we call the Middle English period (as
belonging to the Middle Ages or Medieval times in the History of Britain)
or the Anglo-Norman period, in forms of artistic expression as well as of
religious service, the English openly acknowledged a Latin control.
In course of time the Anglo-Saxons lost their initial hostility to the new
comers, and all became part and parcel of one nation. The Normans not
only brought with them soldiers and artisans and traders, they also
imported scholars to revive knowledge, chroniclers to record memorable
events, minstrels to celebrate victories, or sing of adventure and love.
The great difference between the two periods—Anglo-Saxon period and
Anglo-Norman period, is marked by the disappearance of the old English
poetry.
In spite of the English language having been thrown into the
background, some works were composed in it, though they echoed in
the main the sentiments and tastes of the French writer
The Romances
The most popular form of literature during the Middle English period
was the romances. These romances are notable for their stories and
were mostly borrowed from Latin and French sources. They deal with
the stories of King Arthur, The War of Troy, the mythical doings of
Charlemagne and of Alexander the Great.
Courtly love poems: about knights and their love
The Miracle Plays
In the Middle English period Miracle plays became very popular. From
the growth and development of the Bible story, scene by scene, carried
to its logical conclusion, this drama—developed to an enormous cycle
of sacred history, This kind of drama is called the miracle play and it
flourished throughout England from the reign of Henry II to that of
Elizabeth (1154-1603).
The Morality Plays:
Another form of drama which flourished during the Middle Ages was the
Morality plays. In these plays the uniform theme is the struggle between
the powers of good and evil The personages were abstract virtues, or
vices, each acting and speaking in accordance with his name; and the
plot was built upon their contrasts and influences on human nature, with
the intent to teach right living and uphold religion. In a word, allegory is
the distinguishing mark of the moral plays. In these moral plays the
protagonist is always an abstraction; he is Mankind, the Human Race,
the Pride of Life etc.
One of the greatest poets of the Middle Ages was William Langland, and his poem, A
Vision of Piers the Plowman holds an important place in English literature. It is a satire
on the corrupt religious practices, throws light on the ethical problems of the day.
Gower occupies an important place in the development of English poetry.. Gower is
mainly a narrative poet and his most important work is Confession Amantis. Gower
presents himself as a moralist.
Chaucer who was the real founder of English poetry, and he is rightly called the
‘Father of English Poetry’. Chaucer’s poetry has been read and enjoyed continuously
from his own day to this, and the greatest of his successors. Chaucer, in fact, made a
fresh beginning in English literature. He disregarded altogether the old English
tradition. His education as a poet was two-fold. Part of it came from French and Italian
literatures, but part of it came from life. The most famous and characteristic work of
Chaucer is the Canterbury Tales, which is a collection of stories related by the pilgrims
on their way to the shrine of Thomas Becket at Canterbury. These pilgrims represent
different sections of contemporary English society, and in the description of the most
prominent of these people in the Prologue Chaucer’s powers are shown at their very
highest. All these characters are individualized, yet their thoroughly typical quality
gives unique value to Chaucer’s picture of men and manners in the England of his time.
RENAISSANCE
(1500 -1660)
The English Renaissance covers a long span of time, which is divided for the sake of
convenience into the following three periods:
i) The Beginning of Renaissance (1516 – 1558).
ii) The Flowering of Renaissance (1558 – 1603). It is actually called the Age of Elizabeth.
iii) The Decline of Renaissance (1603 – 1625). It is also termed the Jacobean Age.
The Renaissance Period in English literature is also called the Elizabethan Period or
the Age of Shakespeare. Renaissance means the Revival of Learning. In its broadest
sense it means the gradual enlightenment of the human mind after the darkness of
the Middle Ages.
Political peace and stability because of Queen Elizabeth
Age of social contentment – industries, trade tax systems –all created the
atmosphere for literary activities
Religious tolerance – Anglican English Church
Sense of patriotism and this can be seen in many writers including Shakespeare,
Spenser,
Discovery, expansion and exploration/ Revival of Learning.
• A golden period of English literature
• Also, new discoveries took place in several other fields such as art,
philosophy, geography, science etc.
• Contradictions: the darkness of Middle Ages also persisted. Disorder,
bloodshed, violence, barbarity, superstitions etc
• Elizabethan Age was an age in which men lived very much, thought
intensely and wrote strongly.
• Literary tendencies:
• During this period, the most memorable achievement in literature was in
the field of drama.
• In the medieval morality plays, the characters are Friendship, Charity,
Sloth, Wickedness and the like. But now under the influence of
Humanism, this movement focused its interest on ‘the proper study of
mankind’
• Humanism was a movement that had started in Italy and reached other
parts of Europe but in England, it became popular during the Elizabethan
period.
• Christopher Marlowe – his heroes such as Tamburlaine, Dr. Faustus,
Barabas and the Jew of Malta, are possessed of uncontrolled ambitions.
• Shakespeare, a more consummate artist, carried Humanism to
perfection.
• Instead of looking up to some higher authority, as was done in The
Middle Ages, during the Renaissance Period guidance was to be found
from within.
• Tragedies, comedies, historical plays, revenge tragedies, tragi – comedy
were being written
• Famous dramatists: Shakespeare, Ben Johnson, Thomas Kyd, Marlowe,
Nashe, Lyly, Peele, Robert Greene etc
• Poetry in the Renaissance period took a new trend. It was the poetry of
the new age of discovery, enthusiasm, excitement, self glorification,
imagination, emotional depth, passionate intensity. Under the impact of
the Renaissance, the people of England were infused with freshness and
vigour, and these qualities are clearly reflected in poetry of that age.
• Poetic independence: elegy, ode, sonnet, love poetry, patriotic poetry,
philosophical poetry etc
• Satirical poetry – towards the end of this period (civil conflicts)