Six Week Industrial Training Report

On
“66kv Substation Protection Devision”

Submitted To:-
Mr. Narinder Sharma
(HOD, EE Department)

Submitted By:-
Pritpal Singh
1544763
B.TECH (EE)
 PUNJAB STATE POWER CORPORATION LTD. (PSPCL)
History

PSPCL was incorporated as company on 16-04-2010 and was given the responsibility of operating and

maintenance of State's own generating projects. The business of Generation of power of erstwhile PSEB
was transferred to PSPCL. 4.76 lakh new connections including 61849 No. tubewell connections were released
during 2007 -09.
24 Hrs. Urban pattern supply made available to 12428 villages and 6158 Deras/ Dhanies with 5 or
more houses. To help SC & BPL consumers, free monthly consumption up to 200 units allowed for
connected load of 1000 watts w.e.f. 12-10-06 instead of earlier 500 watts. Strict measures have
been taken to reduce power theft. Disciplinary action taken against the erring employees and 5
numbers Anti Power Theft Police Stations have been set up. New technologies like electronic
meters, remote control of transformers, remote meter reading and HVDS system for AP/ Industries
introduced. 20.29 lakh meters out of 55.98 lakh General/ Industrial Consumers shifted out of their
premises as on 31.3.09 to curb theft of energy. All these measures have helped in reducing losses
by 4% from 23.92% (2006–07) to 19.91% (2008–09) / which resulted in substantial increase in
revenue. During 2007-09, 62 numbers New Grid substations erected and capacity at 132 number
Grid substations augmented besides addition of 1070 circuit km. Transmission line and 149 MVAR
shunt capacitors to State Grid.
 66KV Sub-Station
Introduction
66KV grid station Jal is one of the very important power receiving and distribution
centre of PSPCL is a
vital link in the northern region powr grid of country. This substat ion is located on
sports and surgical
complex near bawakhel on the in-skirts of Jalandhar city distance of about 7 KM from
Bus stand and
about 5Km from railway station of Jal. City. The entire complex is spread over an area
of approx 15.
marla, out of which 5 marla have been occupied by the grid substation comprising of
switch yard , control
room,pseb carrier communication centre , compressor room, battery room, 11KV
switchgear room, stores
and 150/25 Ton crane bay building. The remaining area has been used for residential
complex, rest
houses, club cum dispensary building, divinl and other office building, security guard
huts and garages
etc.
 Equipments installed at 66 KV Grid Substation
PSPCL.
Transformer

Transformer is a static device which transform

electrical energy one circuit to
another without any direct electrical connection with
the help of mutual induction
between two winding
It transform power from one circuit to another
circuit without changing the
frequency but may different voltage level
TRANSFORMER
 Main Constructional Parts of
Transformer
• 1. Primary Winding of transformer - which produces magnetic flux
when it is connected
• to electrical source.
• 2. Magnetic Core of transformer - the magnetic flux produced by the
primary winding,
• that will pass through this low reluctance path linked with secondary
winding and create
a closed magnetic circuit.
• 3. Secondary Winding of transformer - the flux, produced by
primary winding, passes
• through the core, will link with the secondary winding. This winding
also wounds on the
same core and gives the desired output of the transformer
Circuit Breakers
 Circuit Breaker
A circuit breaker is an automatically
operated electrical switch designed to protect
an electrical circuit from damage caused
by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is
to detect a fault condition and interrupt current
flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and
then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be
reset (either manually or automatically) to
resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are
made in varying sizes, from small devices that
protect an individual household appliance up to
large switchgear designed to protect highvoltage
circuits feeding an entire city.
 Isolators
In electrical engineering,
a disconnector or isolator switch or disconnect
switch is used to make sure that an electrical
circuit can be completely de-energised for
service or maintenance. Such switches are
often found in electrical
distribution and industrial applications where
machinery must have its source of driving
power removed for adjustment or repair. Highvoltage
isolation switches are used in electrical
substations to allow isolation of apparatus such
as circuit breakers and transformers and
transmission lines, for maintenance. Often the
isolation switch is not intended for normal
control of the circuit and is used only for
solation; in such a case, it functions as a
second, usually physically distant master
switch (wired in series with the primary one)
that can independently disable the circuit even if the master switch used in everyday operation is
turned
ISOLATER
 Current Transformer (C.T’s)
• Current transformers are used extensively for measuring current and
monitoring the operation of
• the power grid. Along with voltage leads, revenue-grade CTs drive
the electrical utility's watt-hour meter
• on virtually every building with three-phase service and single-
phase services greater than 200 amps.
• The CT is typically described by its current ratio from primary to
secondary. Often, multiple CTs are
• installed as a "stack" for various uses. For example, protection
devices and revenue metering may use
• separate CTs to provide isolation between metering and protection
circuits, and al lows current
• transformers and different characteristics (accuracy, overload
performance) to be used for the devices.
• The accuracy of a CT is directly related to a
number of factors including:
Burden
Burden class/saturation class
Rating factor
Load
External electromagnetic fields
Temperature and
Physical configuration.
The selected tap, for multi-ratio CTs
 Lightening Arrestor
• Its purpose is to divert
• damaging lightning induced transients safely to ground
through property changes to its varistor in parallel
• arrangement to the conductor inside the unit. Also called a
surge protection device (SPD) or transient
• voltage surge suppressor (TVSS), they are only designed to
protect against electrical transients resulting
• from the lightning flash, not a direct lightning termination to
the conductors themselves
 Potential Transformer(P.T’s)
• Voltage Measuring: They accurately transform
transmission voltages down to useable levels for
• revenue metering, protection and control purposes
• Insulation: They guarantee the insulation between
HV network and LV circuits ensuring safety
• condition to control room operators
• HF Transmissions: They can be used for Power Line
Carrier (PLC) coupling
• Transient Recovery Voltage: When installed in close
proximity to HV/EHV Circuit Breakers, CVT’s
• own High Capacitance enhance C/B short line fault /
TRV performance
Wave trap
• Wave Traps are used at sub-stations using Power Line
Carrier Communication (PLCC).
• Plcc is used to transmit communication and control
information at a high frequency over the power
• lines. This reduces need for a separate infra for
communication between sub-stations.
• The Wave Traps extract the high frequency information
from the power lines and route it to the tellicom pannel
• They also block any surges from passing through.
• Wave Traps are simply resonant circuits that produce a
high impedance against PLCC carrier
• frequencies (24kHz - 500kHz) while allowing power
frequency (50Hz - 60Hz).
 TYPE OF SUBSTATION
Classification based on voltage levels, e.g. : A.C.
Substation : EHV, HV, MV, LV; HVDC Substation.
Classification based on Outdoor or Indoor : Outdoor
substation is under open sky. Indoor substation is
inside a building.
Classification based on configuration, e.g. :
Conventional air insulated outdoor substation or
SF6 Gas Insulated Substation (GIS)
Composite substations having combination of the
above two
 Classification based on application
Step Up Substation : Associated with generating station as
the generating voltage is low.
Primary Grid Substation : Created at suitable load centre
along Primary transmission lines.
Secondary Substation : Along Secondary Transmission Line.
Distribution Substation : Created where the transmission line
voltage is Step Down to supply voltage.
Bulk supply and industrial substation : Similar to distribution
sub-station but created separately for each consumer.
Mining Substation precaution for safety needed in the
operation of electric supply.
Mobile Substation: Temporary requirement
PROMARY/SECONDARY/DISTRIBUTION
SUBSTATION
Primary Substations receive power from EHV
lines at 400KV, 220KV, 132KV and transform the
voltage to 66KV, 33KV or 22KV (22KV is
uncommon) to suit the local requirements in
respect of both load and distance of ultimate
consumers. These are also referred to ‘EHV’
Substations.
Secondary Substations receive power at 66/33KV
which is stepped down usually to 11KV.
Distribution Substations receive power at 11KV,
6.6 KV and step down to a volt suitable for LV
distribution purposes, normally at 415 volts
SUBSTATION PARTS AND EQUIPMENTS

Outdoor Switchyard
Incoming Lines
Outgoing Lines
Bus bar
Transformers
Bus post insulator & string insulators
Substation Equipment such as Circuitbeakers,
Isolators, Earthing Switches, Surge
Arresters, CTs, VTs, Neutral Grounding
equipment.
 SUBSTATION PARTS
….CONTD…
auxiliary mat, earthing strips, earthing spikes & earth
electrodes.
Overhead earth wire shielding against lightening strokes.
Galvanised steel structures for towers, gantries, equipment
supports.
PLCC equipment including line trap, tuning unit, coupling
capacitor, etc.
Station Earthing system comprising ground mat, risers,
Power cables
Control cables for protection and control
Roads, Railway track, cable trenches
Station illumination system
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
Transformer part
Batteries for industrial or substation
applications
 Batteries
• Vented /
Flooded Lead
Acid batteries
• Sealed
maintenance
free
batteries/Valve
Regulated Lead
Acid
• Nickel Cadmium
(Ni-cd) batteries
 Battery AH
• LOAD CURRENT 10A for
3 hrs.
• Cell voltage =12V DC
• CALCULATION ,
AH=10X3
• CAPACITY =30/
(0.75X0.8)=50AH
• Discharge factor=0.7
• Ageing factor =0.8
• Drain capacity =C10
 CHARGER
Type of charger
Input voltage
output voltage
Application
Protection
Metering
Indication
Alarms
Auto operation
 Earth resistance value
Major power station= 0.5
Ohm.
Major Sub-stations= 1.0
Ohm
Minor Sub-station = 2 Ohm
Neutral Bushing. =2 Ohm
Service connection = 4
Ohm
Medium Voltage Network
=2 Ohm
L.T.Lightening Arrestor= 4
Ohm
L.T.Pole= 5 Ohm
H.T.Pole =10 Ohm
Cable end termination
Breaker ACB/VCB/SF6/OCB