A PRESENTATION ON

DESIGN AND FORCE

ANALYSIS OF SPUR GEAR
Guided By- Presented by –
Prof. D.D.Sancheti Kalyani lodha
 SPUR GEARS
• In case of spur gears, the teeth are cut parallel to the axis of the
Shaft
• They are used only when the shafts are parallel.
• Spur gear impose radial loads on the shafts.
• Applications:-
i. Power plants
ii. Marine engines
iii. Mechanical clocks and watches
iv. Steel mills and Rolling mills
v. Automobile gear boxes
vi. Rack and pinion mechanisms
vii. Washing Machines
TERMINOLOGY OF SPUR GEAR
 TERMS USED IN SPUR GEARS

The following terms are related to spur gear:-

1. Pitch circle: It is an imaginary circle which by pure rolling
action, would give same motion as the actual gear.
2. Pitch circle diameter: It is the diameter of the pitch circle.
3. Pitch point: It is the common point of contact between two
pitch circles.
4. Pressure angle: It is the angle between common normal
drawn at the point of contact at the mating gear and the
common tangent at the pitch point.
5. Addendum: It is the radial distance of tooth from the pitch
circle to the top of the tooth.
6. Dedendum: It is the radial distance of tooth from the pitch
circle to the bottom of the tooth.
7. Addendum circle: It is the circle drawn through the top of
the teeth and concentric with the pitch circle.
8. Dedendum circle: It is the circle drawn through the bottom
of the teeth and concentric with the pitch circle.
9. Circular pitch: It is the distance measured on the
circumference of the pitch circle from a point of one tooth to
the point of adjacent tooth.
10. Diametral pitch: It is the ratio of the number of teeth to the
pitch circle diameter.
11. Module: It is the ratio pitch circle diameter to the number of
teeth on gear.
 DESIGN OF SPUR GEAR PAIR

• Design of spur gear pair includes:

1. Selection of tooth system.
2. Selection of no. of teeth on pinion & gear.
3. Selection of material for pinion and gear.
4. Selection of surface hardness for pinion & gear.
5. Selection of gear grade.
6. Estimation of module, face width, pitch circle diameter.
 Standard Systems Of Gear Tooth
1) 14.5° composite system
2) 14.5° full depth involute
3) 20° full depth involute
4) 22.5° full depth involute
5) 20° stub tooth involute
 SELECTION OF NO OF TEETH ON
PINION AND GEAR
• In design of gears, it is required to decide the number of teeth on pinion and gear.
• The minimum number of teeth to avoid interference is given by,
𝟐
Zmin = 𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜶
• Theoretical and practical values of the minimum number of teeth o the pinion are given
in adjacent table.

Pressure angle(α) 14.5° 20° 25°

zmin (theoretical) 32 17 11
zmin (practical) 27 14 9
 SELECTION OF MATERIAL
• The desirable properties of gear material are as follows:-
1. High load carrying capacity
2. The gear material should have sufficient strength to resist failure due to breakage of the
tooth.
3. The gear material should have sufficient surface endurance strength to avoid failure due to
destructive pitting.
4. Consistent thermal distortion.
5. Low coefficient of friction to avoid failure due to scoring.
• Gears are made up of cast iron, steel, bronze and phenolic resins.
 FORCE ANALYSIS OF SPUR GEAR
• In gears, force is transmitted by means of a force exerted by the tooth of the driven gear.
• Fig. shows the tooth of driving pinion exerting force PN on the tooth of driven gear.
• The resultant force can be resolved into two components –
i)Tangential component Pt - Useful load ii)Radial component Pr - Opposing force
• The torque transmitted by the gears is given by,
𝟔𝟎 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟔
Mt =
𝟐𝝅𝒏
Where,
Mt =torque transmitted by gears (N-mm)
kW =power transmitted by gears (kW)
n = speed of rotation (rpm)
• The tangential component Pt acts at the pitch circle radius. Therefore,
𝑑
Pt x (2 ) = Mt ;
2Mt
∴ Pt =
𝒅′
From Fig.
The resultant force PN is given by
Pt
 BEAM STRENGTH OF GEAR TOOTH
• Beam Strength is the maximum value of the tangential force that the gear tooth
can transmit without bending failure.
• It is determined by Lewis equation
• In Lewis analysis, the gear tooth is considered as a cantilever beam. the
tangential component (Pt) causes the bending moment about the base of the
tooth.
• The Lewis Equation is given by

• In this equation, Y is called as Lewis Form Factor.

• It gives relationship between the tangential force (Pt) and the corresponding stress.
• Where, Sb = beam strength of gear tooth (N)
𝑺𝒖𝒕
𝝈b = permissible bending stress(N/mm^2) = 𝟑
b = face width of gear tooth (mm) → 9 mm≤ 𝒃 ≥15mm
m = module (mm)
Y = Lewis form factor
• Lewis form factor:-
 The Lewis form factor Y is the function of tooth shape and the point of application of
load.
𝟐,𝟖𝟕
 Y = 0.484 - For 20° 𝑭𝒖𝒍𝒍 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
𝒁
𝟐.𝟔𝟒
 Y = 0.55 - For 20° stub involute
𝒁
𝟐.𝟏𝟓
 Y = 0.39 - For 14.5° full depth involute and composite
𝒁
• The Lewis equation is based on the following assumptions :-
i. The effect of the radial component (Pr), which induces compressive stress, is
neglected.
ii. It is assumed that the tangential component (Pt) is uniformly distributed over the
face width of the gear.
iii. The effect of the stress concentration is neglected.
iv. It is assumed that at any time only one pair of teeth is in contact and takes the total
load.
 ESTIMATION OF MODULE BASED
ON BEAM STRENGTH

• In order to avoid failure of gear tooth due to bending ,

Sb > Peff
• The required is given as
𝟏
𝟑
𝟔𝟎 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒌𝑾 𝑪𝒔(𝒇𝒔)
m= 𝒃 𝑺𝒖𝒕
𝝅 𝒛 𝒏 𝑪𝒗 𝒎 𝒀
𝟑
 WEAR STRENGTH OF
GEAR TOOTH
• Wear strength is the maximum value of the tangential force that the tooth can transmit without pitting
failure.
• The failure of the gear tooth due to pitting occurs when the contact stresses between two meshing
teeth exceed the surface endurance strength of the material.
• Pitting is a surface fatigue failure, characterized by small pits on the surface of the gear tooth.
• Buckingham’s equation gives the wear strength of the gear tooth and is based on the Hertz’s theory of
contact stresses.
• It is written as,

Where, Sw = Wear strength of gear tooth (N)

𝝈c = surface endurance strength of the material (N/mm^2)
𝟐𝒁𝒈
Q = ratio factor =
𝒁𝒈+𝒁𝒑
dp = PCD of the pinion
K = Load stress factor
= depends on combination of material
 ESTIMATION OF MODULE BASED
ON WEAR STRENGTH

• In order to failure of gear tooth due to pitting,

Sw > Peff
• The required equation is given as,
𝟏
𝟑
𝟔𝟎 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒌𝑾 𝑪𝒔(𝒇𝒔)
m= 𝒃
𝝅 𝒛𝟐𝒑 𝒏𝒑 𝑪𝒗 𝒎 𝑸𝑲
 GEAR TOOTH FAILURES
Gear tooth failure

Bending failure Wear failure

or breaking of or surface
teeth destruction

Scoring
Pitting Abrasive Corrosive
(Lubrication wear wear
(small holes)
failure)

Destructive
Initial pitting
pitting