MATHS -2 ( 3110015 ) PPT

Mechanical ( J3 )
Ordinary differential equations
Name Enrolment Roll number
number
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Virdiya krushit .c 180430119123 2101

Zala 180430119124 2102

Bhagirathsinh .v
Zala 180430119125 2103
Divyarajsinh .s
 * Definitions *
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 If derivatives depends on only one independent

variable , then differential equation containing it is
called Ordinary Differential Equation ( ODE ) .
 Ex , d2s / dt2 + k ds /dt + mg = 0

 If derivatives depends on more than one

independent variable , then differential equation
containing it is called Partial differential equation (
PDE )
 Ex , d2u /dx2 + d2u /dy2 = 0
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* Types of solutions *

 The General solution of a differential equation is the

set of all solutions .
 Ex , y” + y = 0 has general solution y = a cosx + b
sinx , a&b is arbitrary constants .
 Particular solution of a differential equation is any
one solution .
 ex , y = 3 cosx + 2 sinx is the Particular solution of

y” + y = 0 .
•• * Linear First Order ODE * ••
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→ A differential equation is called Linear if dependent
variable and its derivatives are present in first degree .
→ Ex , d2y / dx2 + dy / dx + y = sinx , is a second order
linear differential equation .

•• * Initial value problems ( IVP ) * ••

→ A Differential equation y’ = f (x , y ) , y( x 0 ) = y0 is
called IVP .
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*Variable separable method *

 Suppose the equation can be reduced in the following

form by applying purely algebric operations .
, h ( y ) y’ = f ( x )
Interegrating both sides with respect to x ,
h ( y ) dy / dx • dx = f (x ) dx + c
→→ h (y) dy = f (x) dx + c
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* Homogeneous First Order ODE *

 A differential equation M ( x , y ) dx + N ( x ,y ) dy =0
is Said to be Homogeneous differential equation if , M
( x , y ) & N ( x ,y ) are Homogeneous function of
same degree .
 The solution can be obtained by substitute in

y = vx → dy / dx = v + x ( dv / dx ) ,
which turns into variable separable form .
 * Exact Differential Equation *
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 A first order ODE M( x,y ) dx + N( x,y ) dy = 0 is called an
exact differential equation if there exists some functions
u( x,y ) , which has continuous first & second Partial
derivatives such that , M( x,y )dx + N( x,y )dy = du
= (del u / del x) dx + (del u / del y) dy
 A differential equation M ( x,y ) dx + N ( x,y ) dy = 0 is
Exact if and only if M ( x,y ) and N ( x,y ) have continuous
Partial derivatives and
del M / del y = del N / delx .
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* Integrating Factor *

 For a non exact DE , M( x,y )dx + N( x,y )dy = 0 micro

( x,y ) such that
M( x,y )dx + micro N( x,y )dy = 0
Becomes as exact DE , then micro (x,y) is called an
Integrating Factor ( IF ) of given DE .
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 * Non exact Homogeneous DE *

 Case 1 : Let M( x,y )dx + N( x,y )dy = 0 is a non
exact DE . If Mx + Ny ≠ 0 and the equation is a
Homogeneous , then
IF = 1 / Mx + Ny
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 * Non exact DE of the form

f1 ( xy ) y dx + f2 ( xy ) x dy = 0 *
 Case 2 : Let M( x,y )dx + N( x,y )dy = 0 is a non
exact DE . If Mx - Ny ≠ 0 and the equation can be
expressed in the form ,
f1 ( xy ) y dx + f2 ( xy ) x dy = 0
then , IF = 1 / Mx – Ny
* Non-Exact DE Whose IF Is Function of x only *
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Case 3 : Let M(x,y) dx + N(x,y) dy = 0 is Non-Exact DE,
If 1/N ( delM/ dely – delN/ delx) = f(x) , then
IF = e f(x) dx
* Non-Exact DE Whose IF Is Function of y only *
Case 4 : Let M(x,y) dx + N(x,y) dy = 0 is non-exact DE ,
IF 1/M (delN/ delx – delM/ dely) = g(y) , then
IF = e g(y) dy
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* Non-Exact DE whose IF is of the form xh yk

 Case 5 : Let M( x,y ) dx + N( x,y ) dy = 0 is Non-Exact

DE . If the equation can be expressed as
xa yb ( my dx + nx dy ) + xc yd ( py dx + qx dy ) = 0
;a ,b, c, d , m, ,n,p,q are constants and m , n , p, q ≠ 0
then
IF = xh yk
 * Linear equation *
 This section
z deals with the class of first order ODE ,
which is known as linear equations .
 A first order ODE of the form a1(x)y’ + a0(x)y = g(x) is
called LDE ; a1(x) ≠ 0 .
 standard form as , y’ + P(x)y = Q(x)

 If Q(x) = 0 , by separating variable method can be used

 If Q(x) ≠ 0 , consider M = P(x)y – Q(x) and N = 1 then

1/N ( dM/dy – dN/dx ) = P(x) → IF = e p(x) dx

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* Bernoulli’s equation *

 This section will lead to the solution of special types of

nonlinear equation by reducing into linear form . This
equation is Bernoulli’s equation .

 A first order differential equation of the form

y’ + P(x)y = Q(x) ya ; a is some real number .

* First Order Equation with higher degree *
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* Non linear differential equation solvable for p

* Non Linear DE solvable for x

* Non Linear DE solvable for y

* Non Linear DE which not contain y

*Non Linear DE which it Homogeneous in x And y

 * Clairauts theoram *
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 The DE of the form , y = px + f(p) , is called clairauts
equation
 Differentiate the equation with respect to x , then

p = p + x ( dp/dx ) + f’ (p) (dp/dx) so ,

( x + f’ (p) )( dp/dx ) = 0
F’ (p) = 0 & dp/dx = 0 → p = c → y = cx
→ the General solution is , y = cx + f (c) ; c is arbitrary
constant
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