What is network ?

• Stand alone – only one computer

• Network describes two or more connected
computers that can share resources such as
data ,a printer , an internet connection ,
application or a combination of these
 Types of netwok
• Depending on geographical coverage –
• Local area network –(LAN) in a limited geographical
area such as home, school, computer laboratory, office
building, or closely positioned group of buildings.
•Metropolitan area network- (MAN) A metropolitan
area network is a large computer network that usually
spans a city or a large campus
Wide area network (WAN) is a computer network
that covers a large geographic area such as a city,
country, or spans even intercontinental distances,
using a communications channel that combines many
types of media such as telephone lines, cables.
WAN technologies generally function at the
lower three layers of the OSI reference model: the
physical layer, the data link layer, and the network
layer.
 Type of network
• Depending on the architecture of the network
• Peer to peer - connected computers have no
centralized authority , all of these computers
are equal
Client – server – it is designed to manage the
entire network from centralized point , which is
server . Client makes requests to server and the
server responds with information or access to a
resource.
Domain network – logical grouping of computers in which all the computers share a
common directory services, that contains user account resources , security and other
information. All administration task s are centralized to a NT server. Users log in the
domain instead of one particular server
 Type of data transfer or
WAN Connection Types
• Dedicated - Leased lines
• Circuit switching - When you hear the term
circuit switching, think phone call. The big
advantage is cost—you only pay for the time
you actually use. No data can be transfered
before an end-to-end connection is
established. Circuit switching uses dial-up
modems or ISDN and is used for low-
bandwidth data transfers.
 Packet switching

• Packet switching is a digital networking

communications method that groups all
transmitted data – regardless of content, type, or
structure – into suitably-sized blocks, called packets
• packect swirching Mode – 1- connectionless
2. connection-oriented
 LAN Devices
• Repeaters – It regenerates and propagate the signals
to proper amplitudes and sends them to the other
segments. Works on OSI layer 1
• Hub -A hub is really a multiple-port repeater.Works
on OSI layer 1.
• Bridges – A bridge can read the destination MAC
(media access control) from the data frame. Bridges
operate on the OSI Model Data Link Layer 2.
• Switches –a switch is an intelligent device that maps
the IP address with the MAC address of the LAN
card. Works on OSI layer 2 .
 LAN Devices
• Routers - A router is used to route data
packets between two networks.
A router is a communication device that is
used to connect two logically and physically
different networks, two LANs, two WANs and
a LAN with WAN. Works on OSI layer 3.
They can connect networks with different
architectures such as Token Ring and Ethernet.
 The Layered Approach

• A reference model is a conceptual

blueprint of how communications should
take place. It addresses all the processes
required for effective communication and
divides these processes into logical
groupings called layers. When a
communication system is designed in this
manner, it’s known as layered architecture.
The Seven Layers of the OSI Model (Cont.)
The Seven Layers of the OSI Model
Data Encapsulation
Data De-Encapsulation
 PDU and layer addressing

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