Emergency

Management
Unexpected or unwanted event
Unplanned or unexpected occurrence that
may or may not result in personal injury,
property damage, work stoppage or any
combination thereof
…is a phenomenon that poses
threat to the people, structure or
economic assets and which may
cause a disaster. It could be natural
or man-made.
…is a sudden occurrence
demanding immediate action that
may be due to epidemics, natural or
technological catastrophes, strife or
any other man-made causes.
…are natural or man-made events wherein
communities experience severe danger and
incur loss of lives and properties causing
disruption in its social structure and prevention
of the fulfillment of all or some of the affected
community’s essential functions…
… a form of man-made emergency
wherein the cause and the
assistance to the affected
communities are complicated by
intense levels of political dynamics.
 The Philippines was the most
disaster-prone country in the
world for the past century

Center for Research on the Epidemiology of

Disasters (CRED)
BELGIUM
 NATURAL HAZARDS
FLOODS

TYPHOONS AND STORM SURGES

EARTHQUAKES

VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

CLIMATIC VARIABILITIES (LA NIÑA/EL NIÑO)

LANDSLIDES

TSUNAMI

GROUND SUBSIDENCE
MAN-MADE HAZARDS
FIRE INCIDENTS

SEA AND AIR ACCIDENTS

OIL SPILL

CIVIL STRIFE

POLLUTION
(SOLID WASTE, AIR, WATER AND THERMAL)

INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS
(RADIOACTIVE FALLOUT, GAS LEAKS)
 The Philippine Archipelago occupies the western rim of the Pacific
Ocean (Western Segment of the Pacific Ring of Fire), a most active part of
the earth that is characterized by an ocean-encircling belt of active
volcanoes and earthquake generators (faults).
 Earthquakes occur within
the Philippine Archipelago every
now and then mainly because the
country is situated along two
major tectonic plates of the
world – the PACIFIC PLATES and
the EURASIAN PLATES.
Earthquakes recur…

An average of 2.4
earthquakes everyday
or 887 earthquakes
every year

Seismological Observation and Earthquake

Prediction Division, PHIVOLCS
 •July 16, 1990; intensity 8
•1,999 dead; 3,270 injured
•P12.754B in damages
(~US$580M)

OFFICE OF CIVILDFENSE
22 TYPHOONS EVERY YEAR
5 WILL BE DESTRUCTIVE
 220 VOLCANOES
22 POTENTIALLY ACTIVE
20 TYPHOONS PER YEAR
5 WILL BE DESTRUCTIVE
•4th Quarter of 1998
•105,095 families affected
•P8.3B in agricultural damages
(~US$198M)
M/V Maria Carmela
ferry
7:30 AM April 11, 2002
Total Passengers - 347
45 Dead
88 Injured
January 2003 – 69 fire incidents in Metro Manila
 vulnerability risk assessments, plans,
reduced arrangements, training
reduce risk,
& exercises
vulnerability
& hazard

hazard/risk
analysis

mostly
back to disaster /
normal emergency

situation
“healing”, stabilized
repair,
reconstruction
& recovery no longer direct threat to
life/safety and property
MITIGATION
• refers to the measures aimed at
minimizing the impact of a natural or
man-made disaster on a nation or
community in terms of casualties and
damages
• also refers to measures designed to
prevent natural phenomena from
causing or resulting to disasters or
other related emergency situations
MITIGATION
INSURANCE
(Insurance coverage of public & private properties)

REGULATIONS
(safety regulations, land use, zoning, etc.)

CODES
(building & fire codes)

LEGISLATIONS
(local ordinances on safety of communities)

STRUCTURAL MEASURES
(Dams, Levees, flood control structures, etc.)
 PREPAREDNESS

… refers to pre-disaster actions and

measures being undertaken to avert or
minimize loss of lives and properties,
such as, but not limited to, community
organizing, training, planning,
equipping, stockpiling, hazard
mapping and public information and
education initiatives
PREPAREDNESS
PLANS
(contingency plans, fire and earthquake plans etc.)

INFORMATION
(public information, rapid dissemination of info thru
mass media, population awareness, etc.)

EDUCATION & TRAINING

(orientation of local officials, deputized coordinators,
auxilliaries, volunteers, drills & rehearsals, etc.)

RESOURCES
(available response units, capabilities, equipment,
manpower, location, contact nos. & persons, etc.)
RESPONSE

… refers to any concerted effort by two

or more agencies, public or private, to
provide emergency assistance or relief
to persons who are victims of
disasters or calamities, and in the
restoration of essential public
activities and facilities. Consequence
Management is the core activity under
this phase.
RESPONSE
ALERTS
(receipt and rapid dissemination of warnings to
threatened communities/populations)

NOTIFICATION
(immediate notification of response units)

THE “GOLDEN HOUR” PRINCIPLE

(the time within which lives could be saved and
injuries minimized)

CONSEQUENCE MANAGEMENT
Consequence Management
 Comprises essential services and activities
required to mitigate damage, loss, hardship or
suffering resulting from disasters or
catastrophes, either natural or man-made
Includes all emergency measures to restore
government services to business,
communities and individuals affected by life
threatening or destructive events
Such services include damage and needs
assessment, emergency medical service,
population evacuation and relief, fire
suppression, and search and rescue.
 REHABILITATION

… refers to the process by which

the affected communities/areas or
damaged public infrastructures
are restored to their normal level
or actual condition prior to the
occurrence of the disaster or
calamity.
REHABILITATION
FUNDING
(emergency funding from the Local and
National Calamity Funds and other sources)

LOANS & GRANTS

(loans & grants extended by NGOs and
international NGOs)

ASSISTANCE
(extended by NGOs , international
NGOs, foreign governments, etc.)
 EMERGENCY PLANNING

CRISIS EMERGENCY

CRISIS EMERGENCY
Progressive sequence of events Sudden and/or Event(s) or
•Build- up of instability unforeseen State of Affairs
•growth of tension
Immediate response
•Correction
Turning point Decision
•Mitigation
•Remedy
•Change
•Continuity •Recovery
•Survival •Restoration
Crisis Management Model Conceptual Framework

Predict Prevent Prepare Perform

Plan Implement
UPDATE Opn./ Active Contingency
Security Plan
Measures Organize
Threat
Input
Analysis Initial Action
Pers. Scty Train
•Intel Passive Scty
•Confluence of events Action
•probable targets Equip
•vulnerabilities
Physical Security
Warning Alert Simulation Negotiation Tactical
Systems & Drills Intervention
Prophylactic Action
Adjustmen
t
Post Action Post-Action
Feedback
A Guide to OSH Programming
What is an OSH Program?

 It is a plan or outline of activities

prepared to promote safety awareness
among management and workers in
order to prevent, minimize or eliminate
accidents or illnesses in the
workplace.
Types of OSH Program
 There are two (2) types of OSH
Program
1. Occupational Safety Program / Safety
Program
2. Occupational Health Program /
Health Program
Key Elements of OSH Programs

 Key elements of the Safety Program

– Accident prevention
– Safety promotion
 Key element of the Health Program
– Health protection and maintenance
– Health awareness and promotion
 What is OSH Programming ?

 It is the method employed by

management to assign responsibility for
accident prevention, safety and health
promotion, health protection, and
maintenance, and thereby ensure active
performances under that responsibility.
OSH Program Responsibility

 Management role is very crucial since only

top management has the authority to
implement the program.
 Top management can make a program
effective, through the support of a company
policy.
 An effective program provides a company
with a working environment in which
operations are conducted economically,
efficiently and safely.
OSH Program Responsibility

Management

Workers
Supervisors

Safety Manager/
Company Doctor
Unions
Basic Elements of a Successful
OSH Program

There are seven (7) basic elements of a

successful safety program:
1. Management Leadership
2. Assignment of responsibility
3. Maintenance of safe working conditions
4. Establishment of safety trainings
5. Accident record system
6. Medical and First aid system
7. Acceptance of personal responsibilities
1. Management Leadership (assumption of
responsibility, declaration of policy)

 Management has to make a written

statement of its attitude toward safety
and health in the workplace.
 This can be set forth in a policy which
must be brief and clearly defines
management attitude towards safety
and health of workers.
Defined Management attitude towards
OSH
 Enforcing of safety and health practices
and conditions
 Compliance with company policies
 Following safety and health instructions
 Obtaining good preventive maintenance of
equipment or selection of proper
equipment when purchasing.
 Regular monitoring of workers health
through annual physical exams, special
examinations, periodic conduct of WEM.
A company SH policy should basically
state that …
 The safety and health of employees, the
public and the company operations are
paramount.
 Safety and health will take precedence over
expediency or shortcuts.
 Every attempt will be made to reduce the
possibility of accident and illnesses
occurrence.
 The company intends to comply with all
OSH laws, standards and ordinances.
 2. Assignment of responsibility
 When safety and health policy has been set, the
management delegates the everyday task of
carrying out said policy to the safety manager,
company doctor, supervisors, foreman and/or
health and safety committee.
– The establishment of a safety and health
committee is another excellent means of
developing, implementing and maintaining
safety and health prevention measures in the
company.
3. Maintenance of safe and healthful
working conditions

 Revise operational methods to eliminate risks/hazards

 Apply mechanical guarding
 Isolate hazardous operations or storage
 Use PPEs
 Adequate and proper ventilation, lighting
 Proper use and maintenance of tools and equipment
 Sanitation / housekeeping
 Fire control measures
 Substitute hazardous materials with less hazardous
Appraise plant’s safety and health
conditions through :

 Regular routine inspection

 Special inspection
 Follow-ups to see if recommendations
for safety and health maintenance are
met or are being carried out.
4. Establishment of safety and health
trainings

 Training courses should be both for

supervisors and workers.
 For new workers – to orient and or
familiarize newly hired personnel
 On-the-job training – for those already in
the service for some time
 Refresher – to reacquaint or refresh
memories
 Supervisory training
 Participation in safety and health activities
5. Accident Record System

 Includes accident analysis, reports on

injuries, and measurement results
 Provides means for an objective evaluation
of the safety program.
 Identify high-injury rate areas, departments.
 Provide information on the causes of
accidents contributory to high injury rates.
6. Medical and First Aid System
 The medical department of a company is tasked with the
following activities:
 Conducts pre-employment physical exams for proper
physical check-up and proper placement of workers.
 Conducts periodic Physical Exams of workers
 Recommends workers exposed to harmful toxic
substances for special examinations.
 Arrange surveys of new operations or processes to know
what exposures are detrimental to safety and health of
workers.
 Establishes a system for assigning injured workers on
the kind of job they can handle despite of their
condition.
 Provisions for emergency situations
7. Acceptance of personal responsibility of
workers
 Observe safe and health practices and
procedures
 Have regard at all times for the safety and
health of fellow workers
 Report any unsafe condition that may call his
attention
 Suggest, recommend, contribute ideas for the
improvement of working conditions
 Participate actively whenever appointed with
responsibility
 Factors which promote interest in
safety and health
 Fear of Personal injury
 Fear of economic loss
 Desire for reward
 Desire for leadership
 Desire to excel and be outstanding
 Protection of others
 Creating a favorable impression
How to promote safety and health in
the workplace?

 Examples by management
 Examples by supervision
 Education and training
Methods of promoting safety and
health at work

 Regular meetings
 Use of posters, bulletin boards,
publications
 Contests
– Injury rate
– Interdepartmental / intergroup
– Intraplant / intradepartmental
– Personalized contests (safety slogans, poster,
housekeeping)
 How to start a Safety and Health
Program
1. Management initiative and leadership
2. Setting up the staff
3. Outlining policy and general methods of
procedure
4. Studying plant’s safety and health history /
status
5. Detailed study of accident / illnesses statistics
6. Involvement of the different departments
7. Preparation of the health and safety program
OSH program implementation
and evaluation :

 Phase I Management Commitment &

Involvement
 Phase 2 Establish a Baseline
 Phase 3 Set Goals
 Phase 4 Implement Strategies
 Phase 5 Review and Adjust
Some Guide questions to answer
 What does management want? (fire safety, on
the job safety, off the job safety, products
safety)
 Who is responsible for what?
 Where and how is it fixed?
 How does it fit into the organization?
 What will the committee do?
 Who has the right to correct and determine
course of action?
 What rules will the company live by?
“A successful and practical safety
program requires teamwork, enthusiasm,
interest and cooperation. To make it
succeed, there must be a real desire on
the part of all concerned”.

THANK YOU !