Communication interface

• It is essential for communicating with various

subsystems of the embedded system with
external world.
• Two types:
• 1.)Onboard communication interface
eg: I2C, SPI, UART. 1-wire
2.)External communication interface
eg: wired or wireless media ,
infrared,bluetooth, wireless LAN,(wireless media)
RS-232,RS422, USB, ethernet ( wired media)
 communication interface
• On board communication interface refers to
different communicating channels for
interconnecting various integrated circuits
and other peripherals within the embedded
system.
• External communication interface refers to
the different communication channels used
by embedded system to communicate with
external world.
 1.) Inter Integrated circuit bus(I2C)
• It is a synchronous bi-directional half duplex two
wire serial interface bus.
• Developed and patented by Philips for
connecting low speed peripherals to a
motherboard, embedded system or cell phone
• Multi-master, two wire bus , up to 100 kbits/sec
– One data line (SDA)
– One clock line (SCL)
– Master controls clock for slaves
– Each connected slave has a unique 7-bit address
 Protocol
• Transfers are byte oriented, msb first
• Start: SDA goes low while SCL is high
• Master sends address of slave (7-bits) on
next 7 clocks
• Master sends read/write request bit
– 0-write to slave
– 1-read from slave
• Slave ACKs by pulling SDA low on next
clock
• Data transfers now commence
 Terminology
• Transmitter – The device sending data to the bus
• Receiver – Device receiving data from the bus
• Master – device initiating a transfer, generates to
clock and terminates a transfer
• Slave – Device addressed by the master
• Multi-master – more than one master can attempt to
control the bus
• Arbitration – procedure to insure that only one
master has control of ther bus at any instant
• Synchronization – procedure to sync then clocks of
two or more devices
 Master-to-Slave Data Transfer
• Clock is controlled by master
• Data is written to slave on next 8 clock
pulses
• Data receipt is ACKed by slave on 9th pulse
by pulling SDA low
• When slave releases SDA master can
send next byte
• Master will eventually set a Stop condition
by making a low to high transition on SDA
with SCL is high
Complete I2C Transfer
Master Writes to Slave
Master Reads from Slave
 I2C Extensions
• 10 bit addressing (up to 1024 addresses)
• Fast mode – up to 400 kbits/sec
• High-Speed – up to 3.4 Mbits/sec
 Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
Bus
• It is a synchronous bi-directional full duplex four
wire serial interface bus introduced by Motorola.
• It is single master multi slave system.
• Requires four signal lines for communication:
• 1. MOSI ( Master out slave in)
2. MISO ( Master in slave out)
3. SCLK ( serial clock)
4. SS ( Slave select)
SPI works on the principle of shift registers
 UART (Universal Asynchronous
receiver Transmitter )
• It is a asynchronous form of serial data
transmission which does not require a
clock signal .
• The serial communication settings for both
transmitter and receiver is identical .
• The communication takes place through 3
bits start, stop and parity.
• It uses standard TTL/CMOS logic
 1- wire interface
• 1-wire interface is an asynchronous half
duplex communication protocol developed
by Maxim Dallas semiconductor.
• It makes use of only a single signal line
called DQ for communication.
• It supports a single master and one or
more slave devices on the bus.
• It has unique 64- bit identification number
stored in it .
 Sequence of operation in 1- wire
slave device
• The master device sends a ‘reset’ pulse on 1 –
wire bus.
• The slave device present on the bus respond
with ‘presence ‘ pulse.
• Master device sends a ROM command where
communication has to be initiated.
• Master sends read/write function command to
internal memory .
• Master initiates a read/write data from the
device.
 Parallel interface
• It is normally used for communicating with
peripheral devices which are memory
mapped to the host of the system.
• The host has the parallel bus which is
controlled by control signal interface
between device and host.
• The control signals includes ‘read/ write
signal selected by device select.
 External communication Interface
• The interfaces used for communicating
with the external world
• Wired and wireless
 RS-232 C and RS-485
• RS 232 Recommended Standard number
232 revision C is a full duplex , wired ,
asynchronous serial communication
interface developed by Electronics
industries Association (EIA).
• It uses EIA standard for bit transmission.
• RS 232 supports two different types of
connectors DB-9 : 9 pin connector
DB-25 : 25 pin connector
 RS -232
• It is point to point communication.
• The devices are called Data Terminal Equipment
(DTE) and Data Communication Equipment
(DCE)
• The Request to Send (RTS) and Clear to Send
(CTS) signals co-ordinate the communication
between DTE and DCE
• When DTE has to send data, it activates RTS
and if DCE is ready to accept it activates CTS.
• RS 232 supports baudrates upto 20Kbps used
for PC communication.
 RS 232
• RS 232 supports only point to point
communication and not suitable for multi drop ,
uses single ended data transfer technique for
signal transmission and more susceptible to
noise.
• RS 422 is another standard from EIA for
differential data communciaiton which supports
data rates upto 100Kbps and distance upto 400
ft.
• Rs 485 is enhanced version of RS-422 which
supports multi drop communicaiton with upto 32
drivers and 32 receiving devices on the bus.
 USB ( Universal Serial Bus)
• It is wired high speed serial bus for data
communication.
• The group members are Intel Microsoft,
IBM, Compaq, Digital and Northern
Telecom.
• USB tranmits data in packet format.
• It follows a star topolgy with USB host.
• USB cable supports communication upto 5
metres.
 USB
• USB uses 2 types of connectors
• Type ‘A’ connector for upstream connection
• Type ‘B’ for down stream connection
• The connectors has 4 pins ( power, data
carrier line +/- , ground line)
 Types of data transfer in USB
• USB supports four different types of data
transfers like control, Bulk , Isochronous and
interrupt.
• Control transfer is used by USB sytem software
to query , configure and issue commands.
• Bulk transfer for sending a block of data to a
device which supports error checking and
correction.
• Isochronous data transfer is used for real time
data communication but does not support error
checking and re-transmission of data .
• Interrupt transfer is used for transferring small
amount of data.
 IrDA ( Infrared)
• It is a serial , half duplex, line of sight
based wirelesstechnology for data
communciaiton between devices.
• Remote control of TV, VCD player works
on this principle.
• It supports point to point or point to
multipoint communication and lies in the
range of 10 cm to 1m but can be
extended .
 IrDA ( Infrared)
• Due to speed of data transmission IR is
classified into serial IR, Medium IR, Fast
IR , very fast IR and Ultra Fast IR .
• IrDA is used for file exchange and data
transfer in low cost devices.
 Bluetooth (BT)
• It is low cost , Low power, short range wireless
technology for data and voice communication
proposed by Ericsson .
• BT operates at 2.4 GHz of RF spectrum and
frequency hopping spread spectrum .
• BT supports point to point and point to multiport
wireless communication.
• BT can function either as slave or master .
• Excellent for short range data communication
like cell phones usage in transferring ring tones,
music files, pictures , media files.
 Wi-Fi
• Wireless Fidelity is the popular wireless
communication technique for networked
communication of devices.
• It needs agent called Wi-Fi router Access
point to manage communication , which si
responsible for which also restricts the
access
• Wi-Fi opertes at 2.4 GHz or 5GHz.