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1. Functions of casing
2. Casing types
3. Strength properties
4. Casing specification
5. Casing design
6. Other considerations
Presentation Title
Casing design (Design criteria)
Presentation Title
Casing design (Design criteria)
A. Tensile force
1. Originate from casing-own-weight, bending forces, and shock
loading.
2. The weakest point is located at the uppermost joint of the
string.
Presentation Title
Casing design (Design criteria)
B. Collapse pressure
1. Originate from the column of mud
2. Collapse pressure
C. Burst pressure
1. Normally based on the maximum formation pressure
that can be encountered during the drilling of next hole
section.
2. At the top it is the highest. At the bottom it is the least.
Presentation Title
Casing design (Design criteria)
D. Compression load
1. Originate when casings carry inner strings.
2. Since production casings don not carry inner strings,
they don’t develop any compression load.
Presentation Title
Casing design (Design criteria)
E. Other loadings
1. Bending with tongs during make-up;
2. Pull-up of the joint and slip crushing
3. Corrosion and fatigue failure of the body and threads;
4. Pipe wear due to running wire line tools and string
assembly.
5. Additional loadings strings treatment operations such as
squeeze-cementing , acidising and hydraulic fractures.
Presentation Title
Casing design (Design criteria)
F. Conclusions
1. Only tensile force, collapse pressure,burst pressure and
compression load will be considered in the design.
2. Other loadings, with the exception of (e) cannot be
determined directly and be accounted for through the use of
“safety factors”.
Presentation Title
Casing design (Safety factors)
Presentation Title
Casing design (combination strings)
Presentation Title
Casing design (Biaxial effects)
Concept
The combination of stress due to the weight of the casing
and external pressure are referred to the “Biaxial stresses”.
( t r )2 ( r t )2 ( z r )2 2 yield
Where σr ,σt ,and σz are the radial, tangential ,and vertical stresses,
respectively.
Presentation Title
Casing design (Biaxial effects)
2
t pi 3 z pi 1 z pi
1
4 2
yield
Presentation Title
yield yield
Casing design (Biaxial effects)
Conclusion
Presentation Title
Graphic method for casing design
1. Collapse line
determined as follows:
1. calculate the external load due to the mud column,H
2. calculate the internal load due to the mud inside the casing, H1
3. calculate the collapse pressure C, as the difference between H and H1,
C=H-H1
3. Join the zero coordinates at the surface with the value of C at the casing
shoe to get the pressure---depth graph.
Presentation Title
Graphic method for casing design
2. Burst line
determined as follows:
1. calculate the external load due to an
assumed mud column of 0.465 psi/ft.
Presentation Title
Graphic method for casing design
a at the shoe
external pressure=CSD×Gm
internal pressure=Pf-(TD-CSD)G
burst = internal pressure - external pressure
= Pf-(TD-CSD)G - CSD×Gm
b at the surface
external pressure=0
internal pressure=Pf-TD × G
burst = Pf-TD × G
3. Tensile forces
Determined as follows:
1. calculate the weight of casing in air;
2. calculate the buoyancy force;
3. to calculate total tensile loads and compare them with the joint
or pipe body yield values when the casing is finally chosen.
4. calculate the bending force in deviated wells;
5. calculate shock loads due to arresting casing.
considerations in selection of casing
1. to check that the casing can carry its own weight in mud in the
initial selection;
2. to calculate total tensile loads and compare them with the
joint or pipe body yield values in the final selection.
Presentation Title
Example 1
Question: The following three grades of 133/8 in (340 mm) casings are
available in a company store. It is required to run a combination string based
on collapse and tension only. The casing is run in 67 pcf (1.0734 kg/l) mud to
6200 ft (1890 m). Safety factors are 1.8 for tension and a minimum of 0.85 for
collapse.
Joint type: LTC for K55, 54.5 lb/ft and BTS for remaining grades.
Presentation Title
Solution
(1) Collapse
Note that the last grade was only suitable down to a depth of 5400 ft for
a safety factor of 1.However, since a minimum safety factor of 0.85 is to
be used, this grade is suitable down to 6200 ft,with the lowest safety
factor being 0.93 at TD. Above 6200 ft the safety factor value in collapse
increases and assumes a maximum value of
1950
= 1.7
2500×67÷144
Presentation Title
Solution
(2) Tension
Casing-carrying capacity must be checked from the bottom joint to the
surface. Two values of yield strength are given in the table of strength
properties. One specifies the yield strength of pipe body and the other the
yield strength of the coupling. The lower of these two values is used for the
calculation of the safety factor in tension. Therefore, starting from the
bottom, see table below.
Presentation Title
Solution
Since a minimum safety factor of 1.8 is to be used in tension, the K55, 54.5
lbm/ft (81.2 kg/m) may be used if it is designed to carry a maximum weight, W,
given by:
1.8=6.36*1000/W
W=353.33 lb
Hence, usable weight of section of 54.5# = (Total weight which can be carried)-
(weight of lower casing grades)
Total weight that can be carried by the top joint of K55 is:
= 353 333 + 780×68 = 406 373 lb
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Solution
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Solution
In exploration wells the designer often discards grades which give a marginal
safety factor. In fact, the above selection could well be simplified further to
obtain added safety factors and to eliminate the risk of using the wrong joint in
a critical section of the well. In this example grade K55, 54.5# (81.2 kg/m), is
the weakest grade and can therefore be eliminated from our selection. Hence,
final selection can be made as follows:
Presentation Title
Graphic method for casing design
4. Buoyancy
Consider a cylinder of 1m (or 1ft) in length, of density ρs ,which
is fully immersed in a fluid of density of ρm, of outside diameter
do and inside diameter of di .
a)
Air weight of cylinder
4
d 2
o i
2
d 1 m g
or Wa=As ρs g
b)
Buoyancy force of cylinder
4
d 2
o i
2
d 1 m g
or Wm=As ρm g
Presentation Title
Graphic method for casing design
c)
the effective or buoyant weight of the casing
WB =Wa-Wm
=Wa(1 - ρm / ρs )
=Wa×BF
Presentation Title
Example 2
Question: 7 in (177.8 mm) casing, 26#(38.7 kg/m), is to be set at
17 000 ft (5182 m). If the internal diameter is 6.276 in (159.4
mm), determine the buoyancy force and buoyancy factor
assuming that the mud density is 93.5 lbm/ft3(1.498 kg/l).
Solution
• Weight of casing in air = 26 ×17 000 = 442 000 lb
Presentation Title
Graphic method for casing design
5. Bending force
During the pure bending, the upper surface stretches and is in tension,
while the lower surface shortens and is in compression .
NA (neutral axis): a surface exists between the compressed and stretched
surfaces and has no longitudinal deformation.
Presentation Title
Graphic method for casing design
HJ at a distance y from NA and has the same length as KL at the NA. After
bending the surface HJ deforms to an arc of radius R and included angle dθ.
H J HJ ( R y)d Rd y
e
HJ Rd R
Presentation Title
Graphic method for casing design
σ=Ee=Ey/R
If the original length of the beam is L and the total deformation
angle is θ, then
NA=R ×θ=L
From the above 2 equations, we can get
The maximum tensile stress occurs at the upper extreme end of the beam at y=D/2,
where D is the diameter of the beam. Thus,
σ=E θD/(2L)
Presentation Title
Graphic method for casing design
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Graphic method for casing design
imperial units
E=modulus of elasticity of steel:30×106psi;
D=in; A=in2; L=ft; θ=degrees
FB=218DA θ
FB=63DWN θ lb
metric units
FB=63DWN θ lb
Presentation Title
Graphic method for casing design
6. Shock loads
. Significant shocks loading can develop if a casing string is
suddenly stopped.
• Axial stresses result from sudden velocity changes changes
in a manner analogous to water-hammer in a pipe caused by
a sudden value closure.
• Elastic theory leads to the following equation for axial shock
loads resulting from instantaneously stopping the casing:
z v E s
Where Δσz is the change in axial stress caused by the shock load, Δv is
the change in pipe velocity, E is Young’s modulus, and ρs is the density of
steel.
Presentation Title
Graphic method for casing design
After average values for Young’s modulus and steel density are
substituted ,this equation becomes:
z 1780v
Δv: ft/sec.
Presentation Title
Casing Design Example
• Casing program:
20 in(508 mm) casing to be set at 350 ft (107 m)
133/8in(339.7 mm) casing to be set at 6200 ft (1890 m)
91/8in(244.5 mm) casing to be set at 10 400 ft (3170 m)
7 in (177.8 mm) casing to be set at 13 900 ft (4237 m)
The casing head housing will be installed on the 20 in casing. The 7 in casing will
be run to the surface.
Presentation Title
Casing Design Example
Mud programe:
Down to 350 ft (107 m),
mud weight is 65 pcf (1.041 kg/l)
Down to 6200 ft (1890 m),
mud weight is 67 pcf (1.073 kg/l)
Down to 10400 ft (3170 m),
mud weight is 73 pcf (1.169 kg/l)
Down to 13 900 ft (4237 m),
mud weight is 87 pcf (1.394 kg/l)
Safety factors:
Burst = 1.1
Collapse = 0.85
Tension = 1.8
Presentation Title
Casing Design Example
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solution
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solution
Collapse
Collapse pressure at surface = 0
This pressure acts on the outside of the casing and for the worst possible
situation assume that the casing is 100% evacuated (as is the case in a
complete-loss circulation situation).
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solution
Burst
Burst pressure = internal pressure - external pressure
It should be noted that the zero values were obtained as a result of the
fact that a salt-water kick is considered. If instead a gas kick is
considered, the burst pressure values at the shoe and surface will be
2135 psi and 2140 psi, respectively.
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solution
Selection
A graph is not normally required and selection is determined by comparing the strength
properties of available casing with existing pressures.
From red book it can be seen that all the available grades have collapse and burst
values above those calculated above. Hence, select grade K555, 94#,having collapse
pressure= 520 psi (36 bar), burst pressure=2110 psi (145 bar) and yield strength= 1
479 000 lb (6579 kN). It should be noted that grade K55, 94# is the lightest and the
cheapest of the three available grades.
Since the casing head housing is installed on the 20 in casing, the latter will be
subjected to compression forces resulting from the weights of subsequent casing
strings.
This casing will be checked later to determine whether it is capable of carrying other
casing strings.
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solution
13 3/8 in casing
This string is set at 6200 ft and will be subjected, in the event of a kick, to
formation pressures from the next hole drilled to a TD of 10 400 ft.
Collapse
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Burst
Formation pressure from next TD= 10 400×0.48
= 4992 psi (344 bar)
(see Figure 10.13).
Burst at shoe = internal pressure- external pressure
Internal pressure = Pf - (TD - CSD)×G
= 4992 - (10 400 - 6200)×0.1
= 4572 psi (315 bar)
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Therefore,
burst at surface = Pf - (TD)×G
= 4992 - 10 400×0.1
= 3952 psi (273 bar)
The burst line can now be drawn between 1689 psi at the shoe and 3952 psi
at the surface; see Figure 10.12.
From Table 10.5, of casing properties, the burst resistances of the available
grades are given below,together with adjustment for SF = 1.1.
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solution
Selection
Selection should consider the lightest weights first, as these grades are
the cheapest. On the basis of collapse only, Figure 10.12 indicates that
the given grades are suitable for the following depths:
On the basis of burst only, Figure 10.12 gives the following selection:
0-2400 ft L80, 72#
2400-4200 ft K55, 68#
4200-6200 ft K55, 54.5#
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solution
Below 2400 ft, grade K55, 68# is suitable for collapse from 0 to 4950
ft and for burst from 2400 ft to 4200 ft. Hence, the middle section
consists of K55,68#from 2400 to 4200 ft.
The last section of hole can only be satisfied by grade LB0, 72# in
both collapse and burst; see Figure10.12. Hence, selection based on
collapse and burst is(see table below):
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solution
Note that grade K55, 54.5# has been rejected, since it does not satisfy
both collapse and burst at once along any section of the hole.
Note that yield strength values are obtained from the given Table as
the lowest value of either the body or coupling yield strength.
The safety factor must, at least, be equal to the required value of 1.8
if any of the selected grades is to satisfy the criterion of tension. The
table overleaf produces values of SF of greater than 1.8, which
indicates that the grades satisfy collapse, burst and tension.
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solution
Pressure testing After the casing is landed and cemented, it is the practice to
test the casing prior to drilling the casing shoe. The testing pressure employed
by some operating companies is 60% of the burst rating of the weakest grade
of casing in the string.Hence,testing pressure of 133 in
= 60% x burst pressure of K55, 68//
= 60% x 3450
= 2070 psi (143 bars)
During pressure testing an extra tensile force is exerted on the casing and the
SF should, again, be > 1.8 for the top joint (or the joint of weakest grade).
Hence,total tensile force during pressure testing at top joint
= buoyant weight of casing
+ tensile force due to pressure testing
=weight in air×BF + (π/4) (ID)2×testing pressure
Presentation Title
solution
BF=(1-ρm/ ρs)=1-67/489.5=0.863
From the given table we can get the inside diameter of L80, 72# as 12.347
in (313.6 mm).
Therefore,
total tensile force = (439.2 x 0.863) ×1000
+ (π/4) (12.347)2 × 2070
= 379 030 + 247 847
= 626 877 lb
SF in tension for top joint = 1 661 000/ 626 877
=2.65
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solution
Biaxial effects Check the weakest grade of selected casing for biaxial
effects as follows.
Tensile ratio = weight carried by weakest joint÷
yield strength of body (or coupling)
Weakest grade selected is the K55, 68#, having a body yield strength of 1
069 000 lb and a coupling strength(LTC) of 835000 lb.
Hence,
tensile ratio =266.4×1000/835000=0.319
For a tensile ratio of 0.319, Table 10.8 shows that the collapse resistance of
the casing is reduced to approximately 80% of its original (under zero load)
value.Hence, collapse resistance of K55, 68# = 0.8×1950
under biaxial loading = 1560 psi(108 bars)
Presentation Title
solution
Collapse pressure due to mud at 2400 ft (i.e. top joint of grade of the K55,
68#)
=67×2400/144=1117 psi(77bars)
Therefore,
SF in collapse for top joint of K55, 68#
=collapse resistance÷ collapse pressure
=1560/1117
=1.4
Final selection
Depth Grade and weight
0-2400 ft (732 m) L80, 72#(107 kg/m)
24004200 ft (1280 m) K55, 68#(101 kg/m)
4200-6200 ft (1890 m) L80, 72#(107 kg/m)
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9 5/8in casing
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Burst
The 95/8in casing will be subjected in the event of a kick, to a formation pressure of:
0.57 psi/ft×13 900 ft = 7923 psi (546 bar)
Burst at shoe = internal pressure
- external pressure
Burst at shoe = [Pf - (TD - CSD) x G]
- CSD × 0.465
A gas kick is considered for this string; thus, G = 0.1 psi/ft.
Therefore,
burst at shoe = 7923 - (13 900 - 10 400)
×0.1 - 10 400×0.465
= 2737 psi (189 bars)
(where TD = next hole depth = 13 900 ft).
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solution
Burst at surface = Pf – TD×G
Therefore,
Burst at surface = 7923 - 13 900×0.1
= 6533 psi (450.4 bar)
The burst line can now be plotted between 6533 psi at the surface (i.e. at zero
depth) and 2737 psi at 10 400 ft,as shown in Figure 10.14。
From Table 10.6 burst pressures of available gradesof 9~ in casing as adjusted
for an SF = 1.1 are:
Burst resistance
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solution
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Pressure testing
Testing pressure
= 60% of burst pressure of lowest grade (C75, 43.5#)
= 0.6 × 5930
= 3558 psi (245 bar)
During pressure testing, an extra tensile force is generated and selected
grades with marginal SF should be checked. At 800 ft grade L80, 47# has the
lowest SF of 1.8 (see Table 10.10); hence, this grade should be checked.
During pressure testing,
total tensile force
= buoyant load
+ tensile force due to pressure testing
From table 10.10,
buoyant force
Presentation Title at 800 ft = 361.21(×1000 lb)
solution
Biaxial effects
Check the weakest grade selected.Grade C75, 43.5# is the weakest grade,
carrying a total buoyant load of 248.41 × 1000 lb, as shown in Table 10.10.
Tensile ratio = weight carried / yield strength
=248.41/942
=0.264
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solution
From Table 10.8 it can be seen that, for a tensile ratio of 0.264, the collapse
resistance reduces to 84% of its original value. Hence,collapse resistance of
C75, 43.5# under biaxial loading
= 0.84 x 3750
= 3150 psi (217.6 bar)
SF in collapse= collapse resistance under biaxial loading÷collapse
pressure at 3200 ft
=3150 ÷(73×3200/144)=1.94
Final selection
Depth Grade and weight
0-800 ft (244 m) C95, 53.5# (79.7 kg/m)
800-3200 ft (976 m) L80, 47# (70 kg/m)
3200-9700 ft (2957 m) C75, 43.5# (64.8 kg/m)
9700-10 400 ft (3170 m) L80, 47# (70 kg/m)
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7in casing
This string is set at 13 900 fi (4237 m).Collapse
This pressure acts on the outside of the casing, and for the worst possible
situation assume that there is zero pressure inside the casing. Draw the
collapse pressure line, as shown in Figure 10.15, between 0 psi at the
surface and 8398 psi at 13 900 ft.
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Burst
Burst pressure = internal pressure
- external pressure
(a) Burst at shoe
Internal pressure = Pf = 0.57 × 13 900
= 7923 psi (546.5 bar)
External pressure = Gmud ×CSD
For added safety, the external pressure resisting internal pressure is
assumed to be that of a mud column outside the casing, even though the
casing is cemented. Also, the mud is assumed to deteriorate so that its
gradient decreases to that of salt water, largely because of settlement of
solids. Hence,
G = 0.465 psi/ft (0.1052 bar/m)
Burst at shoe = 7923 - 13 900× 0.465
= 1460 psi (100 bars)
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However, a situation may arise in practice when the production tubing
leaks gas to the7 in casing. In this case, the surface pressure (6533 psi) is
now acting on the column of packer fluid between the casing and the
tubing; see Figure 10.16.
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solution
The burst line is drawn between 6533 psi at the surface and 8467 psi
at 13 900 ft, as shown in Figure10.15. From Table 10.7 burst resistances
as adjusted for an SF of 1.1 for the available grades are:
Adjusted burst lines (for SF= 1.1) can now be drawn as vertical lines in
Figure 10.15.
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solution
Tension
The suitability of selected grades in tension can be checked by considering the
cumulative weight carried by each section. Hence, starting from the bottom, see
the table in next page.
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solution
The above table considered the weight of casing sections in air only and a
marginal safety factor of 1.68was obtained. This value is below the required SF
of1.8 and it is instructive to check the suitability of this grade by adding the effects
of shock loading (bending effects are assumed to be negligible) as shown in
Table10.11.
From Table 10.11 it is evident that grade L80 29# is not suitable as a top joint.
Further refinement can be made when pressure testing is considered.
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Pressure testing
Normally, casing is tested to 60% of its mill burst pressure. Taking the lowest
grade (L80),therefore,
test pressure = 0.6 x 8160 = 4896 psi (338 bar)
The weakest joint is the top joint of the lower grade.Therefore, load at top
joint=buoyant weight of casing + tensile force, resulting from extra pressure on
inside of casing
= Wair× BF + (π/4)(di)2 × test pressure
where di is the internal diameter of the casing = 6.184 in and BF = 1 -
(87/489.5)= 0.822.
Therefore,
total load at surface
= 0.822 x 403.1 × 1000× (π/4)×(6.184)2 × 4896
= 478 400 lb
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solution
Therefore,
SF in tension during pressure test =676000/478400= 1.41
Thus, the top joint of L80 must be replaced by a higher grade casing if the
SF in tension of 1.8 is to be maintained throughout the running and testing
of the casing. Hence, the maximum load, W, that L80 can carry and still
produce an SF = 1.8 is given by
1.8=676 000/W
Therefore,
W= 375 556 lb
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solution
Hence,
weight of usable L80 section
= total weight carried (W) - air weight of C95, 29#
= 375 556 - air weight of C95, 29#
= 375 556 - 226 200
= 149 356 lb
and
usable length of L80, 29# = 149 356 lb/ (29 lb/ft )
=55150ft
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solution
From Table 10.11 the total tensile load at top joint is still 424.15 × 1000 lb,
since the two different grades have the'same weight per foot of 29. If the
weights were different, then another table should be constructed.
If grade C95 is used as the top section (950 ft long),then
SF at top joint = 803000、424150= 1.89
(Note: Yield strength of C95, 29#= 803 000 lb.)
During pressure tests,
SF=803000/478400=1.68
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solution
Thus, even with the higher grade, the SF during pressure testing is still
below 1.8. To maintain an SF of1.8, decrease the test pressure below 4896
psi. Hence,
1.8=803000/(buoyant weight + tensile force due to pressure test )
=803000/(331.348+(π/4)(6.184)2×P)
where P is the required pressure test.
Therefore, P= 3821 psi (263 bar).
Hence, the new selection is:
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solution
Biaxial effects
Biaxial loading reduces collapse resistance of casing and is most critical at the
joints of the weakest grade. Two positions will be investigated.
(a) At 950 ft
tensile ratio
=buoyant weight carried by top joint of L80/ yield strength
tensile ratio (TR)
=(13 900-950)×29×BF/676000
= 0.46
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solution
Table 10.8 shows that for a TR =0.46, collapse resistance reduces to 69% of
its original collapse value(i.e. under zero load). Therefore, actual collapse
resistance of LB0 = 0.69 x 7020 = 4844 psi
SF in collapse at 950 ft
=collapse resistance of casing ÷collapse pressure of mud
=4844 ÷(87×950/144)
=8.4
(b) At 6100 ft
tensile ratio =154450/676000 = 0.23
Table 10.8 shows that for a TR=0.23, collapse resistance reduces to 86%
of its original value. Therefore, adjusted collapse resistance of L80 = 0.86
×7020= 6037 psi at 6100 ft
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solution
SF in collapse at 6100 ft
=6037/(87×6100/144)
=1.6
Final selection
Depth (ft) Grade and weight
0-950 C95, 29#
950-6100 LB0, 29#
6100-13 900 C95, 29#
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other considerations
1 Effect of hydrogen sulfide on casing
A Hydrogen embrittlement
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other considerations
1 Effect of hydrogen sulfide on casing
A Hydrogen embrittlement
When hydrogen sulfide is present, the rate at which the hydrogen atoms
(H) combine to form hydrogen gas (H2) is reduced. As a result, atomic
hydrogen (H) may enter the metal at a significant rate before recombining.
The presence of this molecular hydrogen within the steel reduces its
ductility and causes it to break in brittle manner rather than yield. This
phenomenon known as hydrogen embrittlement. The resulting failure is
called sulfide cracking.
Water must be present for corrosion reaction to occur, which generates
hydrogen atoms. Dry hydrogen sulfide does not cause embrittlement.
other considerations
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other considerations
Kant and Greer have presented the results of experimental
laboratory and field tests of several steel grades that were exposed
to hydrogen sulfide in varying concentrations, at various
temperatures, and at various stress levels.
Shown in Fig. 7. i6 and 7.17 arc the maximum salt stress levels
observed (expressed as percent of minimum yield strength) for
various steel grades, hydrogen sulfide concentrations, and exposure
temperatures.
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other considerations
C incubation time
Failure resulting from hydrogen embrittlement
often do not occur immediately after exposure
to hydrogen sulfide. A time period during which
no damage is evident is followed by a sudden
failure. During the time period before
failure,called incubation period, hydrogen is
diffusing to points of high stress. Fig.7.18
shows test results of the time to failure for
different RHN’s (Rockwell hardness number)
and different applied stresses. Fig. 7.19 shows
the effect of hydrogen sulfide concentration.
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other considerations
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other considerations
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