FILUM

COELENTERATA
(CNIDARIA)

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Classification  formerly
2 phylum names
1. Coelenterata – hollow gut
2. Cnidaria – nettle
Basic characteristic

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 2 body types

Polyp  Tubelike, usually sessile and

has a cylindrical body with a mouth
and tentacles at the upper free
end. Other end (aboral) usually
attached to a rock or other surface.
Thin Mesoglea layer. Corals and
Hydras are examples
Medusa; bell-shaped body/umbrella,
floating, tentacles and mouth facing
down, have thick mesoglea ex.
jellyfish
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Diploblastic- two germ layers
Phylum Cnidaria

Mesoglea  not true layer

 Filum Cnidaria: ubur-ubur, terumbu karang, hydroids,
anemone laut

terumbu karang

hydroids
ubur-ubur

anemone laut
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 Symmetry
 Radial symmetry
 Nervous System
 Nerve Net- Cnidarians do not have a brain but
they have simple sensory receptors that detect
& respond to stimuli  evenly spaced
 Nerve net with stinging capsules called
nematocysts
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TERDIRI LIMA MACAM SEL
 SEL EPITEL OTOT(epithelio-
muscle cells)
 SEL INTERSTISIAL(intertitial
cells)
 SEL CNIDOCYTE
 SEL KELENJAR LENDIR
(mucus -secreting cells)
 SEL SYARAF INDERA
(sensory nerve cells)
 SEL EPITEL OTOT
BERUKURAN BESAR
MERUPAKAN PELINDUNG
TUBUH
 SEL INTERTISIAL
BERUKURAN KECIL,AGAK
BULAT, NUKLEUS
BESAR,TDP SEL
SPERMA,SEL TELUR,
CNIDOCYTE
 DIDALAM CNIDOCYTE TDP
NEMATOCYTE BENTUKNYA
SPT KAPSUL,BULAT,
LONJONG. DIDLMNYA TDP
BENANG/PIPA/BERDURI,YG
DITEMBAKKAN KE LUAR
 NEMATOCYTE TDP DI
TENTAKEL DAN UJUNG ORAL
 SEL KELENJAR LENDIR
MENGHASILKAN LENDIR YANG
DIGUNAKAN SEBAGAI PELINDUNG
UNTUK MENANGKAP MANGSA DAN
MELEKAT PADA SUBSTRAT

 SEL SYARAF BENTUK MIRIP

MULTIPOLAR NEURON,TERLETAK
PADA DASAR SEL EPITEL OTOT DEKAT
DAN SEJAJAR MESOGLEA.

 SEL INDRA PANJANG, LANGSING,

TEGAK LURUS EPIDERMIS. Pangkal sel
indera berhub dgn sel syaraf tersusun
seperti jala pd epidermis dekat
mesoglea.

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Lapisan epidermis terdiri atas: Sel Epitel Otot, Sel Interstisial,
Sel Cnidocyte, Sel Kelenjar Lendir, Sel Saraf Indera.
Mesoglea

Epithelio-muscle cell nucleus

Sensory cell

Pseudopodia Cnidocyte

Cnidocil

Nutritive
muscle cell
Interstitial cell
Enzymatic
gland cell
Nerve cell 13
 Capturing Prey
LET’S EAT!!!
 cnidarians are carnivores (eat meat) that use
tentacles arranged in a ring around their
mouth to capture prey
 when a “trigger” is stimulated on a stinging cell
called the cnidocyte, a harpoon/spear called
nematocyst shoots out & injects poison into
the prey
Capturing Prey: Cnidocyte and
Nematocyst at work: WE DO
WORK!!!  Nematocyst
(harpoon)

Cnidocyte
(stinging cell)
 TYPE NEMATOCYTE
 PENGGULUNG (VOLVENT): berukuran kecil
berfungsi untuk menggulung mangsa
 PENUSUK (PENETRANT) : berukuran besar
mengandung 3 duri besar dan 3 deret duri kecil
berfungsi menyuntikkan racun ke dlm tubuh
mangsa
 TIPE PEREKAT (GLUTINANT): pipa halus yg
ujungnya terbuka dan menghasilkan perekat.
 RACUN YG DIKELUARKAN HYDRA TDK
MEMBAHAYAKAN, NAMUN ADA SENGATAN
UBUR-UBUR Physalia dan cchironex sengatannya
sangat menyakitkan, panas bahkan dapat
mematikan.
 NEMATOCYTE hanya dipakai sekali, kemudian
dibuang.
 UNTUK MENGGANTINYA sel intertisial membuat
cnidocyte baru. Pada waktu memakan kehilangan
25% nematocyte.
 Penggantian kehilangan nematocyte tersebut
memerlukan waktu 48 jam.
 Gastrodermis terdiri atas beberapa macam sel:
1. Sel Otot Pencerna yang Berflagela
2. Sel Kelenjar Enzim
3. Sel Kelenjar Lendir

Kecuali Hydra, kebanyakan Coelenterata mempunyai

nematocyst di dalam lapisan gastrodermis.

Pada beberapa jenis Hydra sp., di dalam gastrodermis

terdapat zoochlorella yang hidup bersimbiosis.
 Digestion
 Sacw/ a digestive cavity (gastrovascular
cavity) w/ a single opening that acts as a
mouth/anus

Jellyfish Hydra
 Digestion (cont.)
 food is pushed into the gastrovascular cavity
where digestion begins (extracellular
digestion)
 undigested remains leave through the
mouth/anus
 Respiration
 Diffusion-oxygen from water moves into
sponge cells (high to low)

Excretion
 mouth/anus- release waste
 Reproduction
 Asexual – budding- formation of outgrowths
that pinch off from parent to live independently
 Sexual- forms a zygote and free swimming
planula that settles on ocean floor
 *MOST ALTERNATE B/W POLYP &
MEDUSA LIFE FORM
Reproduction (cont.)
Phylogeny of Cnidaria

Cladogram based on
molecular systematic
data
 Class Hydrozoa
 Most varied and derived of the cnidarian
groups
 Includes freshwater species (hydra spp)
 Colonial species common
 Most have typical dimorphic life cycle
 Examples of polyp-only forms (hydra)
 Examples of medusa-only forms
(Gonionemus)
Atypical Hydrozoans
 Hydra
– Lacks medusa stage
– Asexual - budding
– Sexual - gametes
 Atypical Hydrozoans
 Gonionemus – reduced polyp form
 Colonial Hydrozoans
 Colony of specialized hydranths
– Gonangia (gonozooids) – reproduction
– Gastrozooids – feeding
– Dactyolozooids – catching prey

hydranths
Colonial Hydrozoans
 Colonial Hydrozoans
 Portuguese Man-O-War (Physalia physalis)
 Polyp – air bag
 Feeding & reproductive hydranths - tentacles
 Colonial
Hydrozoans
 Fire Corals
– NOT TRUE CORAL
• Hydrozoan colony
– TRUE CORAL
• Anthozoan colony
– Cnidocytes cause severe
pain
Dimorphic Life Cycle
and Reproductive
Modes

 Asexual
– Budding
• Medusa buds
• Polyp buds
 Sexual
– Gonadal tissue
– Gametes
– Fertilization,
embryogenesis
– Planula larvae
Obelia Reproduction
 Class Scyphozoa
 Typicallythought of as jellyfish & active
predators
 Range from thimble size to queen-size
mattresses
 Most have typical dimorphic life cycle
– Polyp stage is atypical
– Majority of life cycle spent in medusa form
 Mostly medusas which reproduce sexually
 Polyp stages early in life
Scyphozoan Life Cycle
Aurelia aurita (Moon jelly)
 Class Scyphozoa
 Sea thimble jellyfish
(Linuche unguiculata),
Honduras
 Tiny jellyfish (< 1 inch)
that swarm in the spring
 Adults and larvae (“sea
lice”) may cause a
severe skin reaction in
humans

Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

 Upside down jellyfish Class Scyphozoa

(Cassiopea
xamachana) from
Bermuda, with
zooxanthellae
 This specimen is
swimming up to the
surface, where its
reflection is visible

Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

CNIDARIA
Class Scyphozoa
 Jellyfish (Mastigias sp.,
family Rhizostomeae)
from Jellyfish Lake in
Palau, western Pacific
 Have lost their ability to
sting and depend on
zooxanthellae for
nutrition

Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

 CNIDARIA
Class Scyphozoa
 Lion’s Mane Jelly
(Cyanea capillata)
 Bell – 6 ft
 Tentacles – 120 ft
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HqfCm58SB6Y
Class Cubozoa
 Phylum Cnidaria
Class Cubozoa
 Carybdeid,
 Carybdea sivickisi
Darwin, Australia
 South pacific
 Phylum Cnidaria
Class Cubozoa
 Chironex fleckeri

 Size of human head with

tentacles (4) up to 9 ft
long
 18-24 ft of tentacles can
deliver enough poison to
kill in <5 min.
 Class Anthozoa
 Anemones & Corals
 Lack medusa form
 Form colonies (especially coral)
 Class Anthozoa
 Largest class existing  Some reproduce
only as polyps asexually by budding
 Includes anemones,  Others sexual with
coral, sea pansies, sea sperm and egg being
fans, and sea whips released into the ocean
 Nearly all contain where fertilization
symbiotic algae, occurs
dinoflagellates, in  Zygotes develop into
exchange for food planulae that settle and
 Many of the brilliant develop into polyps
colors come from the
algae
Class Anthozoa – Typical Polyp
Form
 CNIDARIA
Class Anthozoa
 giant anemone or
purple-tipped anemone
(Condylactis gigantea)
often harbors cleaning
shrimp among its
tentacles
 Common in Bermuda
and the Caribbean

Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Anemone with Anemone Fish
 Class Anthozoa – Hard Coral
 Hexacorallia –
6-fold symmetry
 Precipitate
Ca3(CO3)2 from sea
water to produce
skeletal structures
that become coral
reefs
 Contain
zooxanthella
 Class Anthozoa – soft corals
 Octocorallia –
8-fold symmetry
 Form complex
tube-like skeletal
structures
 Lack zooxanthella
 Reefs

 Shallow tropical waters

 Hermatypic corals (Class Anthozoa, subclass
hexacorallia, order scleractinia)
 Contain symbiotic dinoflagellates
 Precipitate CaCO3 to form “exoskeleton”
 Zooxanthella
 Green algae
Atoll
 Phylum Ctenophora
 Comb-jellies
– Rows of cells with fused
cilia – comb-plates
 <100 species
 Lack cnidocytes
 Complete digestive tract
Ctenophore Morphology
Ctenophore Morphology
 Ctenophore Body
Forms
 Biradial symmetry
– Two tentacle clusters
– Even # comb rows\

 Some are bilateral

terimakasih

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