Elastic Properties of Solids, Part III

Topics Discussed in Kittel, Ch. 3, pages 73-85

Another Lecture Found on the Internet!
Elastic and Complimentary
Energy Density

U 0   σdε

C0   εdσ
 

,  
,0
C0
 = Uo + Co
U0

0,   
Uo= Uo(xx , yy , zz , xy , yz , zx , x, y, z, T)

xx  f1  xx ,  yy , zz , xy , xz ,  yz 

 yy  f 2  xx ,  yy , zz , xy , xz ,  yz 
-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
M
 yz  f6  xx ,  yy , zz , xy , xz ,  yz 
Expressed in compliance matrix form
 = S·
Expressed in stiffness matrix form
 = C· 
In general, stress-strain relationships such as
these are known as constitutive relations

Note that the stiffness matrix is traditionally

represented by the symbol C, while S is
reserved for the compliance matrix!
 Internal Energy

C0   U0  σ xx ε xx  σ yyε yy  σ zzε zz
2σ xyε xy  2σ xzε xz  2σ yzε yz
U 0 U 0  xx U 0  yy U 0 zz
  
xx xx xx  yy xx zz xx
U 0 xy U 0  xz U 0  yz
  
xy xx xz xx  yz zz
 Strains
 C0  C0  C0
ε xx  ε yy  ε zz 
 σ xx  σ yy  σ zz

1  C0 1  C0 1  C0
ε xy  ε xz  ε yz 
2  σ xy 2  σ xz 2  σ yz

xy = 2xy yz = 2yz zx = 2zx

 Hooke’s Law (Anisotropic)
σ xx  C11ε xx  C12ε yy  C13ε zz  C14 γ xy  C15γ xz  C16 γ yz
σ yy  C21ε xx  C22ε yy  C23ε zz  C24 γ xy  C25 γ xz  C26 γ yz
σ zz  C31ε xx  C32ε yy  C33ε zz  C34 γ xy  C35 γ xz  C36 γ yz

σ xy  C41ε xx  C42ε yy  C43ε zz  C44 γ xy  C45 γ xz  C46 γ yz

σ xz  C51ε xx  C52ε yy  C53ε zz  C54 γ xy  C55 γ xz  C56 γ yz
σ yz  C61ε xx  C62ε yy  C63ε zz  C64 γ xy  C65γ xz  C66 γ yz

The 36 coefficients C11 to C66 are called

elastic coefficients
 Hooke’s Law

Cij  C ji

21 independent constants
 Hooke’s Law

The generalized Hooke’s law is an

assumption, which is reasonably accurate
for many material subjected to small strain,
for a given temperature, time and location
 Strain Energy Density
U 0  12 C11ε 2xx   12 C12ε xx ε yy  12 C13ε xx ε zz  12 C14ε xx γ xy  12 C15ε xx γ xz  12 C16ε xx γ yz
 12 C21ε yyε xx  12 C22ε 2yy  12 C23ε yyε zz  12 C24ε yy γ xy  12 C25ε yy γ xz  12 C26ε yy γ yz
 12 C31ε zz ε xx  12 C32ε zz ε yy  12 C33ε zz
2
 12 C34ε zz γ xy  12 C35ε zz γ xz  12 C36ε zz γ yz
 12 C41γ xyε xx  12 C42 γ xyε yy  12 C43γ xyε zz  12 C44 γ xy
2
 12 C45γ xy γ xz  12 C46 γ xy γ yz
 12 C51γ xz ε xx  12 C52 γ xz ε yy  12 C53γ xz ε zz  12 C54 γ xz γ xy  12 C55γ xz
2
 12 C56 γ xz γ yz
 12 C61γ yz ε xx  12 C62 γ yz ε yy  12 C63γ yz ε zz  12 C64 γ yz γ xy  12 C65γ yz γ xz  12 C66 γ 2yz
 Isotropic material

Isotropic materials have only 2 independent

variables (i.e. elastic constants) in their stiffness
and compliance matrices, as opposed to the 21
elastic constants in the general anisotropic case.

Eg: Metallic alloys and thermo-set polymers

The two elastic constants are usually
expressed as the Young's modulus E and the
Poisson's ratio .

Alternatively, elastic constants K (bulk modulus)

and/or G (shear modulus) can also be used. For
isotropic materials

G and K can be found from E and  by a set of

equations, and vice-versa.
Hooke's Law in Compliance Form
Hooke's Law in Stiffness Form
 Youngs Modulus from Uniaxial Tension

An isotropic material subjected to uniaxial tension in x

direction, xx is the only non-zero stress. The strains in
the specimen are
The modulus of elasticity in tension, Young's
modulus E, is the ratio of stress to strain on the
loading plane along the loading direction.

2nd Law of Thermodynamics and understanding that

under uniaxial tension, material must elongate in
length implies:
E>0
 Shear Modulus for Pure Shear

Isotropic material subjected to pure shear, for instance, a

cylindrical bar under torsion in the xy sense, xy is the
only non-zero stress. The strains in the specimen are
Shear modulus G:Ratio of shear stress to
engineering shear strain on the loading plane
2nd Law of Thermodynamics and understanding
that a positive shear stress leads to a positive shear
strain implies

G>0
Since both G and E are required to be positive, the
quantity in the denominator of G must also be
positive. This requirement places a lower bound
restriction on the range for Poisson's ratio,

 > -1

G=E/2(1+)
 Bulk Modulus for Hydrostatic stress
For an isotropic material subjected to hydrostatic
pressure , all shear stress will be zero and the
normal stress will be uniform
Under hydrostatic load, material will change its
volume. Its resistance to do so is termed as bulk
modulus K, or modulus of compression.

hydrostatic pressure
K=
relative volume change

Also note:
K>0
The fact that both bulk modulus K and the elastic
modulus E are required to be positive, it sets an
upper bound of Poisson's ratio

 < 1/2

K=E/ 3(1-2)
 Orthotropic material
Orthotropic material has at least 2 orthogonal planes of
symmetry, where material properties are independent of
direction within each plane.

Eg: Certain engineering materials, 2-ply fiber-reinforced

composites, piezoelectric materials (e.g.Rochelle salt)

Orthotropic material require 9 independent variables (i.e.

elastic constants) in their constitutive matrices.
The 9 elastic constants in orthotropic
constitutive equations are comprised of
3 Young's modulii Ex, Ey, Ez,
3 Poisson's ratios yz, zx, xy,
3 shear modulii Gyz, Gzx, Gxy.

Note that, in orthotropic materials, there are no

interaction between the normal stresses x, y, z
and the shear strains yz, zx, xy
Hooke’s law in compliance matrix form
Hooke’s law in stiffness matrix form

End of session 2