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Topic No. 1
Group Theory
Properties of Real
Numbers
Properties of Real Numbers
Number Systems
ℕ ={ 1, 2, 3, … }
ℤ={…, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, … }
ℚ={p/q | p, q ∊ ℤ and q≠0}
ℚˊ= Set of Irrational
Numbers
ℝ=ℚ ∪ ℚˊ
Properties of Real Numbers
0.131313…=0.13+
0.0013+0.000013+…
=13/100+13/10000+
13/1000000+…
=(13/100)(1+1/100+
1/10000+…)
=(13/100)(100/99)
=13/99
Properties of Real Numbers
e=2.718281828459045… ∊ ℚˊ
√2=1.414213562373095… ∊ ℚˊ
√5=2.23606797749978… ∊ ℚˊ
∀ a, b ∊ ℝ, a.b ∊ ℝ
∀ a, b ∊ ℝ, a+b ∊ ℝ
∀ a, b, c ∊ ℝ, (a+b)+c=a+(b+c)
For example, (1/4+3)+ √7=(13+4 √7)/4=1/4+(3+ √7)
Properties of Real Numbers
∀ a, b, c ∊ ℝ, (ab)c=a(bc)
For instance, ((-2/3)4)√2=(-8/3) √2 =(-2/3)(4 √2)
For every a ∊ ℝ and 0 ∊ ℝ, a+0=a=0+a
For every a ∊ ℝ and 1 ∊ ℝ, a.1=a=1.a
For every a ∊ ℝ there exists -a ∊ ℝ such that
a+(-a)=0=(-a)+a
For every a ∊ ℝ\{0} there exists 1/a ∊ ℝ\{0} such that
a(1/a)=1=(1/a)a
∀ a, b ∊ ℝ, a+b=b+a
∀ a, b ∊ ℝ, a.b=b.a
Group Theory
Topic No. 2
Group Theory
Properties of Complex
Numbers
Properties of Complex Numbers
ℂ={a+bi | a, b ∊ ℝ}
∀ a+bi, c+di ∊ ℂ, (a+bi)+(c+di)=(a+c)+(b+d)i ∊ ℂ
∀ a+bi, c+di ∊ ℂ, (a+bi).(c+di)=(ac-bd)+(ad+bc)i ∊ ℂ
∀ a+bi, c+di, e+fi ∊ ℂ, [(a+bi)+(c+di)]+(e+fi)=
[(a+c)+(b+d)i]+(e+fi)=[(a+c)+e]+[(b+d)+f]i
=[a+(c+e)]+[b+(d+f)]i=(a+bi)+[(c+e)+(d+f)i]=
(a+bi)+[(c+di)+(e+fi)]
Properties of Complex Numbers
∀ a+bi, c+di ∊ ℂ,
(a+bi)+(c+di)=(a+c)+(b+d)i
=(c+a)+(d+b)i=(c+di)+(a+bi)
∀ a+bi, c+di ∊ ℂ,
(a+bi).(c+di)
=(ac-bd)+ (ad+bc)i
=(ca-db)+(cb+da)i
=(c+di).(a+bi)
Group Theory
Topic No. 3
Group Theory
Binary Operations
Binary Operations
Definition
A binary operation ∗ on a
set S is a function
mapping S x S into S.
For each (a, b) ∈ S x S, we
will denote the element
∗((a, b)) of S by a∗b.
Binary Operations
Definition
Let ∗ be a binary
operation on S and let H
be a subset of S.
The subset H is closed
under ∗ if for all a, b ∈ H
we also have a∗b ∈ H.
In this case, the binary
operation on H given by
restricting ∗ to H is the
induced operation of ∗
on H.
Binary Operations