A Presentation on :

Fiber-Optic Communication
System and Major Submarine
Cable Networks in the World.

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Presented By:
Md. Nahid Hasan

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 Brief flow of Presentation
• Introduction
• Structure of Optical Fiber
• Working Principle
• Classifications
• How it is made?
• Advantage & Disadvantage
• Applications
• Submarine Cable
• Submarine Cable Map
• Major Submarine Cables in The World
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• What is Fiber-optic
Communication?

• Fiber-optic communication is a
method of transmitting information
from one place to another by sending
pulses of light through an optical
fiber.

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• Core : Central tube of very thin size made up of
optically transparent dielectric medium and
carries the light from transmitter to receiver.
The core diameter can vary from about 5um to
100um.
• Cladding: Outer optical material surrounding
the core having reflacting index lower than
core.It helps to keep the light within the core
throughout the phenomena of total internal
reflection.
• Buffer coating: Plastic coating that protects the
fiber made of silicon rubber.The typical
diameter of fiber after coating is 250-300um
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 Working Principle
Fiber optic communication uses light to send
information from one point to another. I will tell you
about what happens once the light is inside the
optical fiber. The main principle for propagation
inside a Fiber is total internal reflection. Thus,
whenever a ray of light travelling from a denser to a
rarer medium is incident on the interface between
the two media at an angle greater than the critical
angle of incidence, there is no refracted ray. The ray
is totally internally reflected. This is something we
all are well aware of.
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 Classification Of Optical Fiber
Optical Fiber is classified into two categories
based on:-
 The number of modes and
 The refractive index
 On the basis of number modes:
• Single-mode Fiber (SMF)
• Multi-mode Fiber (MMF)
 On the basis of Refractive Index:-
• Step-index optical fiber
• Graded-index optical fiber
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 How optical fiber’s are made?

Three steps are involved in the manufacturing of

the optical fiber which are given below:

Making a preform glass cylinder.

 Drawing the fibers from the preform
 Testing the fiber

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 Advantage:
• The life of fiber is longer than copper wire
• Handling and installation costs of optical fiber is
very nominal
• It is unaffected with electromagnetic interference
• Attenuation in optical fiber is lower than coaxial
cable or twisted pair.
• There is no necessity of additional equipment for
protecting against grounding and voltage
problems.
• As it does not radiates energy any antenna or
detector cannot detects it hence provides signal
security
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Disadvantage
• Highly skilled staff would be required for
maintenance
• Only point to point working is possible on
optical fiber
• Precise and costly instruments would be
required
• Costly if under utilized.
• Accept unipolar codes only.
• Jointing of fiber and splicing is also time
consuming.
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Applications
• In telecommunication field
• In space applications
• Broadband applications
• Computer applications industrial applications
• Mining applications
• In medical applications
• In military applications etc.
• Optical fiber have wider range of application in
almost all field, some are been specified below
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 Submarine cable

A submarine communications cable is a

cable laid on the sea bed between landbased
stations to carry telecommunication
signals across stretches of ocean. The first
submarine communications cables, laid in
the 1850s, carried telegraphy traffic.

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 Submarine Cable Map

TeleGeography’s Submarine Cable Map has

been updated for 2015. The latest edition
depicts 299 cable systems that are currently
active, under construction, or expected to be
fully-funded by the end of 2015.

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Submarine Cable Map

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Major Submarine
Cables in The World

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 SEA-ME-WE 5

Length: 20,000 Km
Linking: Asia to Europe
Cable type : Submarine Fibre-optic
Design capacity : 24 Tbit/s
Owner(s) :Consortium

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 Hawaiki Submarine Cable

Length : 14,000+ Km
Linking : Australia/New Zealand to Pacific City, US
Cable type : Carrier-neutral Cable
Design Capacity : 30 Terabits
Owner(s) : Alaska Communications

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 Monet

• Length: 10,600 Km
• Linking: Miami, US to Santos, Brazil
• Cable type: Subsea fiber optic
• Design Capacity: 64 Tb/s
• Owner(s): Algar Telecom, Angola Cables,
ANTEL,Google

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 Australia West Express

• Length: 10,100 Km
• Linking: Perth, Australia to Djibouti, Djibout
• Cable type: Two Fibers Cable.
• Design Capacity: 10 Tb/s.
• Owners: David Ross Group.

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 SemanticNet Fiber Atlantic

• Length: 6,675 Km
• Linking: Virginia Beach, US to Bordeaux, France
• Cable Type: Translantic Cable
• Design Capacity: 64 Tb/s.
• Owners: SemanticNet BV.

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 South Atlantic Cable System

• Length: 6,200 Km.

• Linking: Fortaleza, Brazil to Luanda, Angola.
• Cable Type: Fiber Optic.
• Design Capacity:40 Tb/s.
• Owner(s) : Angola Cables.

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 CamTel and China Unicom

• Length: 6,000 Km
• Linking: Fortaleza, Brazil to Kribi, Cameroon
• Cable type: Four Fiber Pairs Cable
• Design Capacity: 32 Terabit per second
• Owner(s): Huawei Marine

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 Indonesia Global Gateway

• Length: 5,300 Km
• Linking: Indonesian archipelago + Singapore
• Cable type: Four Fibre Pairs Optical Fibre
• Design Capacity: 100 Gb/s.
• Owner(s) : NEC Corporation

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 Trident Subsea Cable

• Length: 4,500 Km (estimate)

• Linking: Singapore to Perth and Onslow,
Australia
• Cable type: Marix cable
• Design Capacity: 100 Gb/s
• Owner(s) : Trident Subsea Cable

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 Conclusion
This concludes our study of optical fiber
communications and Major submarine cables in
the world.

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 References
en.wikipedia.org
www.elprocus.com
www.quora.com
www.tutorialspoint.com
www.cdjxtech.com
http://www.brainkart.com
http://www.madehow.com
http://www.excitingip.com
http://www.iopticcable.com
www.electronics-notes.com
www.techopedia.com
http://www.sopto.com
www.submarinecablemap.com
www.submarinenetworks.com
www.netfind.com

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