STRENGTHENING

MEASURES
                                                                           

PRESENTED BY:
SAFNA.K.A
02-01-2019
STRENGTHENING OF RC
ELEMENTS
 The aim of strengthening is to increase the capacity of an
existing structural element.

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
 Strengthening can be achieved by:
 Replacing poor quality or defective material by better
quality material
 Attaching additional load-bearing material
 Redistribution of the loading actions through imposed
deformation of the structural system

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 High
High quality
quality
concrete
concrete
•• UHPC
UHPC
•• Polymer
Polymer
Modified
Modified
FRP Concrete
Concrete
composite
materials Reinforcin
• CFRP g steel bars
• AFRP

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
• GFRP
Load-
bearing
Using material
Composite
Thin steel
elements
plates and
such as
straps
Steel W
sections
Post-
tensioning
tendons 3
 FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING OF RC
BEAMS
 In most cases, the compression zone of RC beam is safer from
failure as the tension zone if it is under pure bending.
 The critical area for beam under bending stresses is a tension zone
of the RC beam.

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
 Mostly, the failure initiated by the development of crack from
tension zone, and extended up to compression zone before reaching
to failure.
 These cracks usually start from the bottom of applied load, which
indicates flexural failure.

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There are several Flexural strengthening techniques for RC beams

Section enlargement

Ferrocement cover

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
External plate bonding

External post-tensioning

Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRPs)

• Prefabricated laminates
• Near Surface Mounted bars
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SECTION ENLARGEMENT
 Section enlargement is one of the famous methods used
in retrofitting concrete members.
 Section enlargement maybe easier and cheaper compared
to other approaches.

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
 Enlargement consists of the placement of reinforced
concrete jacket around the existing structural member to
achieve the desired section properties and performance.

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Advantages 
Advantages 

• Increasing of the • Increase in the

load-carrying concrete member

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
capacity size obtained after
• Increasing of the the jacket

Disadvantages
Disadvantages
stiffness • The need to
construct a new
formwork

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FERROCEMENT COVER
 Thin composite material made of cement mortar reinforced
with wire meshes.

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
 The wire meshes are uniformly distributed in continuous
layers with relatively small diameters.
 The Ferro cement is used to replace the damaged concrete.

 Strengthening with Ferro cement improves:

 Cracking resistance
 Flexural stiffness
 The ultimate loads compared to the original un-
strengthened element.
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EXTERNAL PLATE BONDING
 Steel plates or steel flat bars are bonded to the structural elements.
 Widely appear in strengthening of bridge structures.

 The bonding is ensured by:

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
 The use of epoxy adhesives,
 Additional fastening by means of dowels or bolts glued to the
holes drilled in the concrete members.
 Disadvantages: it can be applied only to the relatively sound
structures

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STRENGTHENING MEASURES
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 Attaching
the steel

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
Putting a
layer of plates to the
Making epoxy concrete
holes in the mortar on using bolts
concrete top of the
Coating the surfaces and plates with a
concrete plates. 5mm
surfaces thickness.
Roughing with a
and bonding
cleaning epoxy
the material. 11
concrete
surfaces.
EXTERNAL POST­TENSIONING

 Effective in increasing the flexural and shear 

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
capacity.
 Applied to reinforced and prestressed concrete 
members.
 The post­tensioning forces are delivered by:
 Standard pre­stressing tendons
 High­strength steel rods

 Usually located outside the original section.

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 If there are
existing spalls

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
patching must be The tendons are
done, because this The existing connected to the
repairs must cracks must be structure at
ensure that the repaired by means anchor points,
pre-stressing of epoxy injecting typically located
forces are or other known at the ends of the
distributed methods member
uniformly across
the section of the
member

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FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER (FRP)
High
Strength
• ×10
Steel

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
Light Multifuncti
Weight onal
• Easy to FRP • Suit any
install project

Corrosion
Resistance 14
• Durable
Structure
 FRP is a new class of composite material for the development
and repair of new and deteriorating structures in Civil
Engineering.
 FRPs are organized in a laminate structure.

 each lamina (flat layer) contains an arrangement of

unidirectional fibers fabrics embedded within a thin layer of

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
light polymer matrix material.
 FRP consists of two main components:

 Fibers.
 Resin or Matrix

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STRENGTHENING MEASURES
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 Advantages 
• Corrosion Resistance
• Lightweight
• Ease of installation
• Less Finishing
• Less maintenance
• Improve Ductility

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
• They are ideal for external
application
• Anti-seismic behavior

Disadvantages
• High cost
• susceptibility to
deformation under long-
term loads
• Temperature and moisture
effects
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• lack of design codes
• lack of awareness
SHEAR STRENGTHENING OF RC
BEAMS
 Shear failure is a sudden failure which make it more devastating
than the Flexural failure.
 Shear failure start occurring from the critical section at high

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
shear zone near support.
 Shear force maximum at support and the diagonal cracks start
from support to applied load.
 Shear strengthening techniques - External anchored stirrups,
external post­stressing, plate bonding using steel plates, 
FRP .

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 STRENGTHENING OF RC
COLUMNS
 Strengthening of reinforced concrete columns is needed when:
 The load carried by the column is increased due to either
increasing the number of floors or due to mistakes in the
design.

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
 The compressive strength of the concrete or the percent and
type of reinforcement are not according to the codes’
requirements.
 The inclination of the column is more than the allowable.
 The settlement in the foundation is more than the allowable.
 There are many techniques for strengthening RC columns, the
most famous techniques are:
1. RC jacketing
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2. Steal Jacketing
3. Using FRP wraps
JACKETING
 Process of fastening a durable material over concrete &filling
the gap with grout that provide needed performance

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
characteristics.
 The size of the jacket and the number and diameter of the steel
bars used in the jacketing process depend on the structural
analysis that was made to the column.
 The loads applied to the column shall be reduced or eliminated
by:
 Putting mechanical jacks between floors.
 Putting additional props between floors.

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 Materials­metal , rubber , plastic , ferro cement 
&concrete.
 It improve the appearance of the original 
concrete.
 When the jacket provided around  the periphery 
of the column­Collar.

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
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STEEL JACKETING
 This technique is chosen when the loads applied to the
column will be increased, and at the same time,
increasing the cross sectional area of the column is not
permitted.

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
FRP WRAPS
 FRP improve the confinement of the RC columns 
leading to:
• Improving Axial Capacity
• Buckling Resistance
• Bomb Blast Resistance

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SHORING AND UNDERPINNING

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
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 SHORING
 It is the means of providing support to get stability of a structure
temporarily under certain circumstances during construction,
repair or alteration.

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
Such circumstance arises when
1. The stability of a structure is endangered due to removal of a
defective portion of the structure.
2. The stability of a structure is endangered due to unequal
settlement during construction itself or in long run.
3. Certain alterations are to be done in present structure itself. Egg:
remodeling of walls, changing position of window,etc.
4. Alterations are carried out in adjacent building for remodeling,
strengthening of foundation, etc 24
TYPES OF SHORING
1. Raking or inclined shores

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
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2. Flying or horizontal shoring

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
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3.Dead or vertical shoring

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
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 UNDERPINNING
 It is the method of supporting the structures while providing new
foundations or carrying out repairs and alterations without
disturbing the stability of existing structures. It is carried under
following conditions:

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
1. When a building with deep foundation is to be constructed
adjoining a building which is built on shallow footings. Here
the shallow footings should be strengthened first.
2. In order to protect an existing structure from the danger of
excessive or differential settlement of foundation.
3. In order to improve the bearing capacity of foundation so as to
sustain heavier loads for which deepening or widening of
foundation is done.
4. In order to provide a basement for an existing structure. 28
METHODS OF UNDERPINNING
1. Pit method

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
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 STRENGTHENING MEASURES
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2. Pile method
3.Chemical method
 In this method the foundation soil is consolidated by employing
chemicals.
 Perforated pipes are driven in an inclined direction beneath the
foundation .

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
 After the pipes are installed, solution of sodium silicate in water is
injected through the pipes. This is a two-injection method. The pipes
are withdrawn and at the time of withdrawal of pipes, calcium or
magnesium chloride is injected through pipes.
 Chemical reaction takes place between these two chemicals and the
soil is strengthened by consolidation. This method is suitable for
granular soils

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4. Other methods
 Other methods are cement grouting, freezing,
vibrofloatation, etc.

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
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STRENGTHENING MEASURES
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THANK
YOU
 STRENGTHENING MEASURES
https://csengineermag.com/article/keys­
to­success­structural­repair­and­
strengthening­techniques­for­concrete­
facilities/

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