URBAN STUDY IN KUALA TERENGGANU

URBAN STUDY IN KUALA TERENGGANU

ARTS & CRAFT ART PERFORMANCE
• Woodcarving • Wayang Kulit
• Boat making • Dikir Barat
• Brassware Craft • Ulek Mayang
• Wau • Gamelan
• Batik
• Songket

Types of craft
When does it exist in Terengganu?
How they come to Terengganu?
How cultural adapt to local community /
become one part of lifestyle of local?
Symbolic
WOODCARVING
History of Woodcarving
Malay Traditional craft
Practised by Malay craftsmen as early as
14th century
Wood carving are implemented in houses of
Sultans or Malay nobility as part of their
interior decoration and the craftsmen were
commissioned for their services.
Locals implement the inspirations from the
Islamic arts and motifs from leaves, flowers,
fruits and marine life in wood carving. They
can earned some money from wood
carving. Local carvers were once given the
privilege to design and construct the abodes
of local rulers and chieftains .
Identity to the vernacular architecture to
Terengganu state.
 Types of Woodcarving

1 3

Ukiran timbul tanpa silat Ukiran timbul tembus

tanpa silat

Woodcarving
in Terengganu
2 4

Ukiran timbul bersilat Ukiran timbul tembus

bersilat

* In carving terminology, silat refers to delicately

undulating bends and twists. It also refers to the
expression or stylized movement (not stiff).
 Types of Woodcarving

1. Ukiran timbul tanpa silat 2. Ukiran timbul bersilat

The carving is produced by badging the empty Similar to the above but differs on patterns or motifs.
surface and does not have any carving patterns. This Its patterns and motifs produced on carvings used
resulted a reduction in the patterns on empty silat and can be seen on walls and furniture’s.
surface. Patterns or motifs on the carvings will appear
emerging. Both patterns and motifs are left empty as
can be seen on the wall and doors.

3. Ukiran tebuk tembus tanpa silat
Looks nearly identical to ukiran timbul tanpa silat. The
difference can be seen at the empty depth surface,
drilled into a hole while the motifs and patterns were
left flat without any form, can be seen at lattice
space restrictions and eaves .
Types of Woodcarving
4. Ukiran tebuk tembus bersilat
Quite identical to ukiran tebuk tembus tanpa silat
with the only difference is the
motif. Can be seen on furnitures, lattice and armrest.
 Types of Woodcarving Motifs

1 3

Flora motif Geometric motif

Woodcarving
Motifs

2 4

Fauna motif Calligraphy motif

 Types of Woodcarving Motif

1. Flora motif
Motifs that are taken from nature such as the names of trees commonly used in the
Malay’s daily lives or for food like the mangosteen. The mangosteenmotif is most
often used in craftsmanship as well as other arts such as cane arts. In addition, flower
motifs are also used in carvings such as the Bunga Melayu Tua motifs. The use of
flower types is also associated with traditions and cultures of a community from their
ancestors up until today.

2. Fauna motif
The elements are taken from animals or insects that are commonly close to man like
ducks. The duck returning home at sunset motif is done a lot in Malay wood carvings.
The use of animals and insects in craftsmanship by the early Malays is a form
stainable from all God’s creations that complement one another in this universe. The
animal motifs are also influenced by Hinduism at one time before the advent of
Islam to Malaya. This is commonly seen in the eagle motif. However, after the advent
of Islam, animal motifs used were simplified to help lighten the work of producing
motifs. The simplified animal form is suitable with Islam wants that forbids the use of
animal motifs in man’s lives.
 Types of Woodcarving Motifs

3. Geometric motif

The geometric form itself refers to the forms that have pointed properties and border
lines. It is also more bound unlike organic forms that are free when it comes to designing
their patterns. Geometric forms are usually arranged in row and the forms are rarely
combined with other forms (Abdul Halim Nasir, 1986). it is identified by looking at the
designs that uses basic elements used In the design through straight, oblique and
transverse lines. The production of the lines will produce carvings in the form of boxed
arrangement and straight that can be seen at the space filled with carvings on a
particular object. An example of geometric pattern can be seen in market such as
grids that are still beautiful and unique despite using only straight line elements.

4. Calligraphy motif
Motifs in the form of calligraphy are most writing on texts in the form of advice, law,
teaching, religion, prayer and more . It is commonly seen to the carving at the
entrance, written as ‘Assammualaikum’,
‘Bismillah’ and more. The creation of calligraphy motifs has a deep meaning as one of
the way to deliver message to others. The arrangement for it depends on the
appropriate function and places following the produced carved text. The produced
carved text is embedded with flora or geometric motifs to add more detail to the
craftsmanship. It is rarely produced using any text in a calligraphy carving.

1. Choosing the wood
The process begins with
the choosing of suitable
types of woods in term
od size, maturity, wood-
grains and a few other
aspects. After the wood
had been cut according
to the required sizes, the
wood is allowed to dry
slowly within the specified
time. The fully dried wood
is later cut and planed.
2. Sketching on the
wood
The process begins with
the sketching of the motifs
(designs) and tracing them
onto the surface of the
wood. A small saw is used
for cutting away the un-
required parts.
3. Half-finished carvings
For any perforated
carving, a small saw is
used to trim the unwanted
parts according to the
traced designs. The parts
that need to be cut will be
chiseled off wit various
types of chisels in order to
produce the required relief
designs. For the relief
carvings, the trimming will
continue, then, the base of
the wood will be leveled
and smoothened.
Processes of woodcarving
4. The finished carvings
The refining process where the
textures and the flows of the motifs
is decided, followed by the details
of the designs. Then, it was followed
by the harmonizing the designs by
softening, smoothening and
grinding with carving knifes or ‘pisau
wali’ in order to achieve a better
shapes and forms. The carvings is
smoothened using the ‘kikir pari’ (a
type of file), followed by using the
‘daun mempelas’ (a kind of plant)
or dried ‘Lalang’ leaves and this
process is termed as ‘process
memelas’.
 The carvings tools

1. Shield saw
5. ‘Pisau Wali’ or ‘Pisau Ukir’
For cutting and
( Carving knives )
shaping curved
The knives are used for making
woods.
flower shapes and to smoothen
the carvings and they come of
various sizes.
2. ‘Cetar’
Use for shaping woods before
carving them. This equipment is
commonly used by carvers of 6. Chisels
the East Coast. They are used for making holes,
lines and to soften the designs.

3. Mallet
The mallets are used for
hammering, especially when
punching holes and making
‘dove-tails’ joints.
4. Grindstones
They are used for sharpening
the carving tools and others.
7. Wood plane
There are various types of ‘ketam
kayu’ (wood plane) which are
made for specific purposes like for
making grooves and smoothen
various types of wood surfaces.

Types of arts and craft
When does it exist in Terengganu?
How they come to Terengganu?
How cultural adapt to local community /
become one part of lifestyle of local?
Symbolic
BOAT MAKING
History of Boat Making
Boat making
Practised by Malay craftsmen as early as
14th century
Through the coastal area where people
needed to go to the sea and many of the
craftman make the boat at Pulau Duyong.
Mainly it adapt by the occupation of people
by the coastal which is fisherman and need
a boat to search for food.
Symbolic because of its construction by not
using any nails.
process of Boat Making
process of Boat Making
process of Boat Making
 process of Boat Making

The interior will be done other

Company and also with the finishes.
Tembaga (Brassware)
History of traditional brassware

Brassware crafts is believed to be the

heritage of Dong Son's reign in Funan. Due
to the uprising against the government
regime by 800 AD, many fishermen
became carpenters and metalworkers
migrating to Thailand, the Indonesian
Archipelago and Malaya. This is where the
development of the culture of metal art
skills in Malay lands, especially in
Terengganu. Therefore, It is believed that
the techniques of brassware making in
Terengganu was brought in by Chinese
settlers from Funan

Types of craft
How they become part of the
culture in Terengganu?
How they come to
Terengganu?
How cultural adapt to local
community / become one part
of lifestyle of local?
History of Brassware
Malay Traditional craft // daily usage
Brass gained the most prominence when made into various small receptacles used for storing ingredients for betel nut
chewing, a ceremony that was once pivotal to the Malay as well as Peranakan social life. In the past, these households
always had one or two tepak sirehsets filled with sireh leaves, tobacco and chalk at hand for the enjoyment of visiting
friends and relatives. Royal gift Among the various brass items related to ceremonies performed during Malay betrothals,
weddings and funerals on display at the museum
In Malaysia, the presence of type artifacts "Dong Son" is the oldest drum and bell bronze that is characteristic with the
Dong Son bell with beads and pottery showing the relationship trade by the community with outside areas of the Straits of
Malacca. Casting This copper is derived from Funan in the Dong Son era when there is chaos and in some coastal areas of
China, there was a migration. Most of them are These migrants are largely composed of miners, craftsmen and members
skillful fishermen.
Source
https://ir.unimas.my/18879/1/Kajian%20seni%20kraftangan%20temb
aga%20Terengganu%20(24pgs).pdf
However, there is Local historians believe that the skills to cast brass were introduced to Malaya from Thailand about 300
years ago. However, instead of spreading all over the country, this art form curiously remained centred primarily in two
villages, Ladang and Tanjung, in Terengganu’s state capital, Kuala Terengganu.
Source :
https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/pulse/2018/09/413290/brassy-truth-behind-fading-industry
The artisans in Tanjung focused their attention on the production of larger sized brassware like kuali and periuk (cooking
pots), sarang penganang and sarang bahulu (baking utensils), kebak laksa (press for making laksa noodles) and anak
kasa (pedestal tray).
At the same time, craftsmen in Ladang concentrated on the manufacturing of smaller domestic items meant for
decorative purposes as well as use in Malay religious ceremonies like bekas inai(henna leaf container), kaki
lilin (candlesticks holders), perenjis air mawar (scented water dispensers), bekas bara (incense burners) and bekas abu
rokok (ashtrays).
 Brassware in wedding ceremony

Wedding gift tray Wedding ring holder Tepak Sirih Alat Merinjis
(dulang hantaran) (bekas cincin)
 Brassware in Daily usage

Wedding gift tray Wedding ring holder Tepak Sirih Alat Merinjis
(dulang hantaran) (bekas cincin)
 Brassware in Daily usage

Tray
Traditional dessert Pot Pot
template
 Process of Making Traditional Brassware

1. Molding 2. Melting 3.Melting

To make a mold form by The wax in the mold form are fuse Mixture of white, yellow copper
combining clay and wax at certain temperature and zinc are fuse in the furnace at
a certain temperature
 Process of Making Traditional Brassware

4. Casting 5. Cooling 6. Grinding

The mixtures of copper is poured When the mixture hardened and Grinding tools is used to give the
into the mold reached a certain temperature, the shinning effect to the procuct
mold is removed from the cast and remove the wasted copper
scrap.

Types of craft
How they come to Terengganu?
How cultural adapt to local community /
become one part of lifestyle of local?
WAU
History of Wau
Art Making
Wau is one of the traditional activites that is
celebrated in grandeur and is a tradition
inherent to the culture of the people in the
eastern states of Peninsular Malaysia. Today,
the kite is still widely found in the traditionally
rich states of Kelantan and Terengganu,
especially during harvest time.
Whatever the legends may be, the wau was
in the past used by farmers as a sort of flying
scarecrow to ward off birds from their paddy
fields. The sound made by the wau once it
was airborne was said to lull their children to
sleep which in turn gave the farmers ample
time to tend to their crops without
distractions.
 Types of Wau

Wau Seri Negeri from Wau Seri Bulan

Negeri Sembilan Wau in from Perak
Malaysia

Wau Merak from Johor Wau Kapal from

Selangor

Wau Helang from Perlis

 Types of Wau

Wau Dodo Helang Wau Kangkang from

from Terengganu Kedah

Wau in
Malaysia

Wau Puyuh from Wau Kenyalang from

Kelantan Sarawak
 Wau Terengganu

Wau Dodo Helang from

Terengganu

Wau Dodo Helang is the official name for Terengganu state. It has
similarities with two wau from other states namely Wau Puyuh from
Kelantan and Wau Helang from Perlis state. The name Wau Dodo Helang
is said to be caused by the sound produced by the arc wau ie "dooo ......
dooo ...".
Wau Dodo Helang is a popular type of kite in Terengganu, it belongs to the
category of wau birds. This wau dodo has the same appearance as the
eagle except for the decoration of its different kite chest. Normally, this
eagle wau dodo will be fitted with a handle or bow on top. This is intended
to produce a buzzing sound generated when the wind passes through the
straps of the arc..
Wau Dodo Helang
 Parts of Wao Dodo Helang

Head
-decorated with
resembling eagles
Hummer

Eye
Spin
Body & Wing (Mother)
Waist -Preferred decorative motif
types are the motif of flower
and turmeric using tearing
technique. Sometimes, the
Tail motifs are from the patterned
on the boat, mosque and
-added a fairly long cloth
houses in Terengganu.
and a commonly used
cloth is hand-drawn batik
cloth.
 Processess of Wau Making

1.Choosing Bamboo 2. Framing 3.Designing & Pasting 4. Making string helm

Bamboo will be cut and The strands of Designs are traced on a tinted and shiny glazed The last process is to
make into the frame or bamboo is used and paper and then carefully cut out and pasted on make the wau string
skeleton of the kite. The bamboo skin is not paper which is glued to the bamboo skeleton. helm. There are 2 types
best time to cut the removed. Bamboo The designs are normally flowers with vines which of rope reins called
bamboo is in November blades will be put on signifies women (flower) and man (vine), eg. if 'teraju' which are 'teraju
or December and this fire before being flex. the flowers are in bud form, it symbolizes a young dua' and 'teraju tiga'.
will be kept for 10 Frame is made of woman etc. In some older designs, flowers were After installing the rope
months before it is split bamboo spine. drawn from the side and back to represent the reins, the wau is fully
and soaked in water Bamboo blade should shy and reserved personality of female in those complete.
followed by heated to be offset. Nylon is used days whereas for the vines, the more
straighten and toughen. to tie the kite frame. meandering the vines, the more twists and turns
in a man’s life.
 BATIK
History of Batik

Types of culture For Daily Use // Traditional Art and Crafts

When does it exist 1920’s
in Terengganu?
How they come to According to the Museum of Cultural History of Oslo, it is known for certain
Terengganu? that the Javanese influenced Malay batik-making technically as well as in
the development of designs. At an early stage the Malaysians used
wooden blocks in order to produce batik-like textiles. As late as the 1920s
Javanese batik makers introduced the use of wax and copper blocks on
Malaysia's east coast (Kelantan , Terengganu, Pahang). The production of
hand drawn batik in Malaysia is of recent date and is related to the
Javanese batik tulis.

How cultural adapt For men, Batik can be worn at dinner functions. Even the ladies wear the
to local community fabric as formal dress, combining batik with modern fashion. The Malaysian
/ become one part government encourages civil servants to wear batik during the 1st and 15th
of lifestyle of local? day of the month. In East Malaysia, teachers are encouraged to wear
batik shirts or baju kurung to school on Thursdays - usually the school will
have a particular patterned fabric which will be provided to every teacher
to take to the tailor, so that their clothing matches.
 Types of Batik

1 3

Batik Blok Batik Skrin

Batik in
Terengganu
2 4

Batik Canting Batik Pelangi


1. Batik Blok
Batik Blok is a batik that has the same pattern of
repetition, which is applied to carved wood or copper
blocks. This batik type is a sarong batik or cloth for
uniform. It arose around 1920, when Haji Che Su
Ibrahim (in Kelantan) and Haji Ali (in Terengganu)
experimented with wooden blocks to print patterns.
In the early development, the blocks were made of
wood with subsequent developments leading to the
use of copper blocks.
Types of Batik
2. Batik Canting
Canting is a brass container for hot liquids that will be
used to paint on the fabric surface. Fabrics stretched
on the panel, painted or stitched, colored, dried,
turned off and boiled to remove candles before
drying again.
The development of batik began in the 1960s. Batik
painted canting was introduced by Chuah Theah
Teng and batik was first indented around the 1970s.
This batik is believed to be a legacy of Java (Kraton)
because it uses the same method, canting.

3. Batik Skrin
This technique actually comes from Thailand. In
Malaysia, it started in 1933 in Kelantan in the making of
sarong. Its company was developed by Mohd Yusoff
and Haji Che Su. Screen batik techniques, do not use
candles and use filtered silk print techniques. His
company became the village industry after World War
II. The color is more durable and does not fade.
The manufacturing process is fast and costs cheaper.
Types of Batik
4. Batik Pelangi
Through tie and dye applications, the fabric will
produce a color circle effect when color dyeing is
performed.
Introduced in the Malay archipelago around the
1770s. The company was started by the rainbow Batik
Munah in Terengganu in the 18th century. The
company has also been pioneered by Hj. Che Su bin
Hj. Isaac in Kota Bharu (1911). This technique is
believed to be from India. Rainbow Batik is a batik
produced without the use of candles.
 Types of Batik Motifs

1 3

Flora motif Geometric motif

Batik Motifs

2 4

Fauna motif Abstract motif

 Types of Batik Motifs

1. Flora motif

Motifs from plants such as Pucuk Rebung, Bunga Kenanga, Cempaka and others. This
plant is usually found on the old batik cloth. Most recently, batik entrepreneurs use
flora motifs such as hibiscus, orchid and rose and changed in time.

2. Fauna motif

This type of motif is based on the creativity of animals, sea, land and air. Malaysia's
Batik is limited in the use of motives involving animals as it is prohibited in Islam.
Typically, only sarong can only use Fauna Motifs.
 Types of Batik Motifs

3. Geometric motif

This type of motive is changed from various variations such as motif repetition. This motif
repetition involves round shape, triangular shape, rectangle and others

4. Abstract motif

Abstract motifs are processed according to creativity and artist's imagination. It is

sometimes difficult to be interpreted by the audience's view of the motive. Abstract
motif art is very smooth and difficult to understand.
 Processes of Batik Making

Basic batik factory layout

 The batik-making tools

3. Brushes
For colouring and controlling
the wax.

1. Wax and Resin

For making motifs on
the plain cotton. It will
harden, thus the color 4. ‘Canting’
wont go in. The specific tool used to create
motifs by hand. Wax is poured
inside the hole.
2. Dye
For colouring.

5. Sodium Silicate
Used to make color fixed into batik
cloth. A liquid that needs to be
rubbed or dyed on a dye that has
been dyed when it is dry to turn off
the color of the cloth and maintain
a beautiful color on the fabric when
it is washed.

Types of craft
When does it exist in Terengganu?
How they come to Terengganu?
How cultural adapt to local community /
become one part of lifestyle of local?
Symbolic
SONGKET
History of songket
Malay Traditional craft
The emergence of traders from Arab and
China helped the early development of
songketing. The exact year is not stated
clearly.
The process of trading and dissemination of
new skills helps the history and development
of weaving and fabric manufacturing
activities.
Songket is the symbol of the greatness of the
king and the royal palace. Moreove, people
now wear it at weddings, festivals,
ceremonies and so on . It turned into fashion
accessories such as handbags , place mats,
cushions, table runners and gift items.
The arrangements of motifs deal with the
appreciation of Malay people of God’s
creation.
 Types of Songket
1 9

Songket overall or full pattern Border pattern

(Songket bunga penuh) (Tepi kain)

2
8
Songket in
Songket spotted or scattered pattern
Terenggau Songket bamboo shoot pattern
(Songket bunga betabur)
(Songket corak pucuk rebung)

3 7

Songket stripes 5 Songket checks

(Songket corak berjalur) (Songket corak tapak catur)
Songket horizontal stripes
(Songket corak melintang)
4 6

Songket vertical stripes Songket chevron

(Songket corak berdiri) (Songket corak siku keluang)
 Types of Songket Motifs
1
Songket weavers are women living in kampongs
Corolla of the persimmon fruit
near the sea or tropical forest surrounded by
(Bunga tampuk kesemak)
living creatures of nature. Thus, most of the
traditional patterns and motifs they weave on
2 the songket cloth reflect the environment they
live and work in. For example, the most
Bamboo shoots common flora and fauna motifs are used. They
(Pucuk rebung) are also all inspired by their surrounding natural
settings.
Songket in
3 Terenggau
7
Sea-horse
(Unduk-unduk) Food tray
(tepung talam)

4 6

Flying fox’s elbow

5 Sea waves
(siku keluang) (ombak-ombak)
Trailing clouds
(Awan larat)

(resources: https://www.embunsongket.com.my/songket-motif/)
 Processes of making songket

1. Design the 2. Dyeing 3. Winding 4. Making a 5. Rolling 6. Sley the reed

motifs (Mencelup) (Menerai) warp (Menggulung) (Menyapuk)
(Rekabentuk) (Menganing)
Dyeing the Unwinding the Rolling the wrap Sleying the reed
Planning the hanks of hanks and winding The threads are threads on to the of the beater
design and threads on to the threads on to counted, as they rolling beam to using a reed
pattern structure the bobbins. the bobbins. are measured at spread the warp hook—for front to
of the songket to the same length and give proper back set up.
be woven using a warping tension before
frame. putting up on the
loom.

(resources : http://www.bibahsongket.com/col/index.html)
 Processes of making songket

7. Connecting 8. Setting up 9. Setting up a 10. Picking up 11. Saving the 12. Weaving
threads the loom double Heddle patterns patterns (Mengikat (Menenun)
(Menghubung) (Menyediakan (Mengarat) (Menyongket) Butang)
keh) The weft thread is
Connecting the Making the string Picking up the Tying the hand inserted between
individual warp Warping up the heddle frames pattern by string loops leashes the shed across
threads to the loom using while inserting long lifted by the sticks the warp using a
threads coming back to front simultaneously stick—line by line to store weft shuttle then the
through the method is a threading them to using draft paper patterns at the cloth is hit by
reed/beater – for common form the weaving as guide. back of the loom. sliding the beater
back to front set practice. shed. This ingenious / reed at a
up. process allow more perfect right
than 1000 line of angle of 90
weft pattern to be degrees.
stored.
(resources : http://www.bibahsongket.com/col/index.html)
Tools of making songket

Types of performance
When does it exist in Terengganu?
How they come to Terengganu?
How cultural adapt to local community /
become one part of lifestyle of local?
Symbolic
WAYANG KUIT
History of Wayang Kulit
Puppet theatre
Practised by Malay craftsmen as early as
14th century
Through the influence of Hindu that came
from Siam then went to Kelantan and
Terengganu
By telling people jokes and lesson so that the
community can enjoy and think about it.
Ritualistic performance and slowly become
just part of cultural entertainment.
 Function of Dalang
7

1 6
Wise man

Story-teller
Masterly producer

Function of
Dalang
2 5

Puppeteer Conductor

3 4

Historian Commedian
 Wayang Kulit Equipments
6

1 Sepasang kesi 5

Serunai
Canang

Wayang Kulit
equipments

2
4

Sepasang Sepasang gong

gedombak
3

Sepasang geduk
1. Serunai
Serunai is a music equipment
from Minang ethnic. It is a
aerofonic type of equipment
and fuctioos to increase sound
volume.
2. Sepasang gedombak
Gedombak belongs to
gendang family. It is played
while sitting and hammer it
using hand.
3. Geduk
Geduk belongs to gendang
family. Normally played
during wayang kulit show. A
wooden hammer is used to
beat the geduk.
4. Gong
is an East and Southeast
Asian musical percussion
instrument that takes the form
of a flat, circular metal disc
which is hit with a mallet.
5. Canang
Canang is included in gong
family with a smaller scale. It
is used as a time marker.
6. Sepasang kesi
Kesi is a pair of metal plate
which is tied to a rope. It is
played by hitting them with
each other.

Types of culture
When does it exist in
Terengganu?
How become part of
cultural elements?
How cultural adapt to local
community / become one
part of lifestyle of local?
How they come to
Terengganu?
Symbolic
DIKIR BARAT
History of Dikir Barat
Traditional Ensemble Music
During the Siam Era
It become part of the culture because it was played during
harvest season and during wedding ceremony.
People at that time lsearching for some entertainment and
become ritual during harvest season.
This performance came by the influence of Siam. This is when
Terengganu still in the shede of Siam.
Ritualistic performance and slowly become just part of cultural
entertainment.
 Roles of ‘Tukang Karut’

Roles of ‘Tukang Roles of ‘Juara’

Karut’

1 1
2 2
Will interact with the Group Lead Singer,
audience through their who starts the
Smartly performs Usually a singer who
behaviour. performance.
entertaining performances has a fairly seductive
as an effective function as voice.
entertainer.

1. ‘Rebana Ibu’
Using a goat's backbone
mounted on the body with
a rattan rope to a rattan
ring under the rebana.
2. ‘Rebana Anak’
The size is different from
‘Rebana Ibu’.
3. ‘Tetawak’ or ‘Gong’
Made from round bronze. The
walls are thick, wrinkled in the
middle of the surface. The
pitch is higher than the grand
gong. Usually these tetawak
are hung and hammered.
Dikir Barat tools
4. ‘Marakas’
Usually made of wood or plastic
and coconut shell. The wood used is
stretched, smoothed and shaped
round like a ball. Inside are small
stone seeds, to produce sound.
5. ‘Canang’
Often played by “tok juara" or
“tukang karut” when one of them is
singing the song. Some groups are
allowed to use 1 to 2 canang to get
a more harmonious sound.
6. ‘Tengkolok’
Clothing In the Dikir Barat originated
from South Siam. There is no particular
or interesting clothing worn by the ‘tok
juara’, ‘tukang karut’ and ‘awak-
awak’. This can not be denied
because the game is a game of
ordinary people in the fields of paddy
fields and villages, but now completely
dressed neatly.
 ULEK MAYANG
History of Ulek Mayang

Types of craft Classic Malay dance

When does it exist in Terengganu? Was introduced during the reign of

government of Sultan Umar (1839-1870)

How they come to Terengganu? Came from the story of seven princesses
who live in Bukit Puteri which has always
been in the focus of locals to seek help
including curing the sick by spell

How cultural adapt to local community / It is a charity in Malay society with its gentle
become one part of lifestyle of local? and polite movement, it has become one of
most beautiful traditional dances in
Terengganu culture.

Symbolic Ritualistic dance performed to appease or

invoke
PERFORMANCE
The story of this dance began a long time ago. According
to legend, a band of fishermen living on an island off the
coast of Terengganu went out to sea one evening to
catch fish.
They rowed their sampans (narrow wooden boats) far out
to sea where suddenly, they encountered a terrible storm.
A stormy night passed and the next day, the bodies of the
fishermen washed up to the shore.
Miraculously, the fishermen woke up one after another,
thankful to be alive. Almost all that is. One fisherman
remained in a deep state of unconsciousness. He
remained motionless, as if dead. The other fishermen were
saddened by this, as he was a great friend of theirs.
They suspected that while physically he was on the
beach, his soul might have been enticed to
wander into the another world. And so they
summoned a pawang (shaman) to bring their
friend back.
The pawang (shaman) falls into a state of trance, and
discovers that the fisherman has been put under a
spell by playful Spirits of the Sea. The pawang
(shaman) attempts to bring the soul of the fisherman
back to earth. Sensing that her grip over him is slipping,
the princess summons her sister, and the two of them
put charms on the fisherman
 A fierce battle between the pawang (shaman) and the spirits, two more
sisters are summoned to charm the fisherman, and then two more.
A fearsome battle between the pawang (shaman) and six Spirit Princesses
erupts and shakes the world.
the eldest Spirit Princess enters the showground. Far more
beautiful, more powerful and the wisest of her sisters. Learning of
the mischievous behaviour of her sisters, the eldest Spirit Princess
puts a stop to the battle. “I know all your origins,” she tells and
commands everyone, “Let those from the sea return to the sea,
and those from the land return to the land.”
Gratefully return the fisherman’s soul.
Grateful for the release of the fisherman’s soul, the
pawang (shaman) presented the Spirit Princess with
turmeric coloured rice. From then on (and until the
introduction of Islam in Malaya), offerings were ritually
presented to the Spirits of the Sea, whom the fishermen
once worshipped.

Types of Performance
When does it exist in Terengganu？
How they come to Terengganu？
How cultural adapt to local community /
become one part of lifestyle of local？
Symbolic
GAMELAN
History of Gamelan
Traditional Ensemble Music
In 1915, whole set of Gamelan was
borrowed by Cik Zubedah Terengganu
from Pahang for playing and dancing
purpose.
When Tengku Meriam, daughter of
Sultan Ahmad from Pahang married with
the prince of Sultan Zainal Abidin III in
Terengganu.
Performed as traditional music in social
and cultural gathering to welcome
guests accompany with many kinds of
tradition and modern dances, drama,
theatrical and puppetry.
Ensemble does not adhere to the
principles of Western orchestration, but it
is number of instruments in a ratio to
produce balance sound and
performance.
PERFORMANCE
The gamelan was created by Sang Hyang Guru in Saka era 167 (c. AD 230),
the god who ruled as king of all Java from a palace on the Maendra
mountain in Medang Kamulan (now Mount Lawu).

Sang Hyang Guru

He needed a signal to summon the gods and thus invented the gong. For
more complex messages, he invented two other gongs, thus forming the
original gamelan set.
The earliest image of a musical ensemble is found on the bas-relief of 8th century
Buddhist monument of Borobudur, Central Java. The Borobudur's musicians play lute-
like stringed instruments, kendang drums, suling flutes, small cymbals and bells. Some of
these musical instruments are indeed included in a complete gamelan orchestra.

kendang drum suling flutes cymbal bell

The instruments developed into their current form during the Majapahit Empire.
According to the inscriptions and manuscripts dated from the Majapahit period, the
kingdom even had a government office in charge of supervising the performing arts,
including the gamelan. The arts office oversaw the construction of musical instruments,
as well as scheduling performances at the court.

Gamelan Performance during early age

In the palaces of Java the oldest known ensembles, Gamelan Munggang and
Gamelan Kodok Ngorek, are apparently from the 12th century. These formed the
basis of a "loud style" of music. In contrast, a "soft style" developed out of the kemanak
tradition and is related to the traditions of singing Javanese poetry, in a manner often
believed to be similar to the chorus that accompanies the modern bedhaya dance.
In the 17th century, these loud and soft styles mixed, and to a large extent the variety
of modern gamelan styles of Bali, Java, and Sunda resulted from different ways of
mixing these elements. Thus, despite the seeming diversity of styles, many of the same
theoretical concepts, instruments, and techniques are shared between the styles.

bedhaya dance
 Instruments of Gamelan

gender gong slenthem saron

kendang kenong/kethuk bonang peking

TRADITIONAL GAMES
• Gasing (Top Spinner)
• Wau
• Sepak Raga Ratus
• Sepak Bulu Ayam
• Bola Cetong
• Congkak Gergasi Wanita
• Gelek Rim
• Tor Nusop (Shake the Tin)
 Gasing
History of Gasing
According to sources from Terengganu, the
origin of ‘gasing’ is derived from the playing
game of buah beremang. Buah beremang
are round, smooth and s flat. The fruit found
on the coast is always used by martial arts
as an exercise to strengthen hands. In some
places, buah beremang is also known as
buah perepat (sonneratia alba).

Buah beremang is also used as a game. In

the buah beremang game, the fruit will be
rotated by hand. The longest and most fast-
moving spinner is thought to be the winner.

‘Gasing’ is created based on the shape of

the buah beremang . The word ‘gasing’
comes from a combination of two words
which is 'gah berpusing'. Gah in the term of
the game is intended to rotate with the
ligature and upright.
 Cronology of Gasing
Presentation on Gasing at the
Malaysian Cultural Congress
at the University of Malaya Gasing Game Format Proposed Establishment of
Implemention Gasing Referee Board
The popularity of the game
starts to decline. On April 16, This proposal was agreed
On August 5, 1973, this
1971, when the Malaysian and the establishment of
standardized game was first
Cultural Congress took place the Gasing Referee Board
played in a congressional
at the University of Malaya, a was held at the Kelang
work paper relating to the
1972 contest in the state of 1974 District Office on 20 June 1977
Melaka accompanied by
craftsmanship of wau, gasing 1975. to establish the
three states.
and wayang kulit was tabled Federation of Malaysia
by Tan Sri Datuk Mubin Gasing was established.
Sheppard.

Attempts to Standardize Gasing Gasing Coordination Meeting PEGAMA

Games through the Malay
Cultural Congress
1971 A coordination meeting was
held on 23 September 1972
which was about five months
after the Seminar on the Laws
of Consolidation was formed in
Muar. The first meeting held at
Melaka Settlement House
finally agreed to try out the
rules that had been enacted.
in Kuala Lumpur and Johor
On 5 December 1977, the
1973 Two coordinating meetings 1975 Federation of Gasing Malaysia
were formed. The first
coordinator meeting on 10 (PEGAMA) was established
February 1974 at Wisma Belia, and registered in Malacca
Kuala Lumpur, while the after several discussions
second coordinator was held
on 10 July 1974 at the Johor
Bahru Municipal Council
Building, Johor

1. Pangkah Totok
Pangkah is done from close range and the player
needs to bump into the body. Then the shoulders
should be at the shoulders and elbows, halfway with
the shoulder. The target is the bosy, head or
shoulders. The rider is aimed at directing the enemy's
opponent out of the court. If using a rather heavy
weight, this type of alloy is less appropriate. The high-
form factor is in line with this type of markup.
2. Pangkah hentak
The body must be upright. The hand is placed upright
on the head by holding the gasing. Gasing is upright
and strong towards the target. This spool will be
released to the left or right side of the step. The target
is head, body or shoulder. If accurate about the
target, the effect is very significant as it can break
the opponent’s gasing. That's why in the regular
training this is not recommended. The ideal type to
play pangkah hentak is gasing leper. This game aims
to beat and damage the enemy’s gasing.
Types of Pangkah Gasing
3. Pangkah Layang
The body position must be upright. The hands should
be upright on the head by holding the gasing.
Gasing is swayed toward the target with a strong,
fast and fast. This rug often produces intense laps and
keeps out of the target after stepping. The target of
this type of breeding is shoulder, labu, head or neck.
4. Pangkah tebang
The rider is aimed at removing the opponent's far
distance from the target and it is also a long distance
device. To produce a strong mark, the position of the
bar must be vertical. The stepping-stone will be about
the opponent’s labu simultaneously with its axis
reaching to the ground. The best fit for this purpose is
the folding casino, the cape and the concord
because of its heavy and fast nature.
 Types of Gasing in Terengganu

Ornamental gasing Playing gasing

1. Gasing Pangkah
1. Plate-shaped
2. Heart-shaped This gasing or known as Gasing Kuno is simple and
3. Hat top-shaped balanced, weighs 0.6 kg with a diameter of 30 cm
4. Egg-shaped and a height of 8 cm.The structure of this gasing is an
5. Berembang-shaped old form of buah perepat which is only used for
(Berembang is a pangkah game and made of merbau, keranji,
meranti and cengal.
mangrove tree, home of
the fireflies)
2. Gasing Uri

Originated in Kelantan but its popular in Terengganu.

Low and slightly flattened, weighing 6 kg, 60 cm in
diameter and 8 cm in height. This type of type is quite
popular in Kelantan. Usually framed with lead, iron or
lead (bluish white metal substance). If this base
material is framed with tin, it is used for playback only,
but if the base material uses an iron frame, then the
casing is used for crawling.
1. The desired gasing is carved from pieces of wood
Gasing Uri, Gasing Pemangkak dan Gasing Penahan.
2. After being shaped, then mashed.
Wood lengths of 50 cm, usually produce three styles
3. Then the centerpiece is given wire or nails so that the rotation is durable,
and remains and in the "balancing" by turning the bottom on a board.
Process of making traditional gasing
Material: Wood for making gasing
kayu merbau (sympetalandra borneensis), leban
tanduk (vitex quinta), jeruk, bakau, kempas, sepan
(gymnopetalum cochinchinensis), keranji (cynoptera
polyandra), manggis, jambu batu, ciku (achras
zapota) dan kayu asam jawa.
Tool Making: Lathe, machete, engraving, saw
For example, Gasing Uri is made from selected
wood such as:
-Kayu semeru (Micromelum pubescens), kayu
bunga cempaka merah (Michaelia chanpaka)
and kayu kemuning (Murraya paniculata) which is
not termite-prone
-Copper is usually being used for decoration as it is
heavier, however for competition gasing; lighter
aluminum is being used.
-Price is subject to the size, type of wood and
aluminum used, it can range between RM100 to
RM400 each.
How to play gasing
 Wau
History of Wau
The word ‘Wau’ is believed to be derived from the word Pattani
Malay (Thai) word as states such as Kelantan, Terengganu, Perlis
and Kedah are geographically located close to each other.

Wau is also associated to the resulting sound of the bow tied to the
wau. When lifted into the air, the ibus leaves mounted on the arc
will produce sound "wau" in a rhythmic manner.

Some also believe that the word ‘Wau’ is derived from the Arabic
letter ‘Wau’, because the shape of the wing resembles the outline
of that particular letter.

Many legends and local folklore surrounds the origin and even
method of handling the Wau. It is said that in the past, that farmers
used kites as a kind of flying scarecrows in the fields. The sound
made by the kites lulled their children to sleep, so they could work
with little interruption. Another popular belief is that coastal
inhabitants once employed fishing kites made from palm leaves
and fitted with a line and hook to catch fish..

Wau game arrival in Malaysia is uncertain validity date and origin.

However, according to historian Clive Hart, a kite in Malaysia
comes from China. This is because the design and character have
in common with traditional kites from China.
Kite in the past using a wide tree leaves. Possibility of evolution kite
in Malaysia have also absorb cultural elements from China.
 Types of Wau
National Traditional Wau

1. Wau Bulan

Wau bulan got its name from the crescent moon-like shape of its lower section (bulan means "moon" in
Bahasa Melayu Malaysia). Given the right colour, wau bulan apparently resembles a rising crescent
moon when flown. Light and versatile wau bulan is the favorite for competitions which is made from
bamboo and paper. For a winning kite, a special bamboo, pokok buloh duri, is used. In a windy day, a
wau bulan can reach a height of more than 450 metres. Malaysian Airline System has chosen it as its
logo, to symbolise controlled flight.

2. Wau Kucing

Wau Kucing is identified more for its synonymous existence of being a symbol of Malaysian Airlines
System (MAS). It is also said that Wau Kucing is originated from Kelantan and being introduced in 1967. It
is a traditional kite that has been played for generations in Malaysia.
When flown into the air, Wau Kucing release a high-pitched sound, similar to the sound made by cats. It
is believed that it is work to scare away evil spirits and predict the weather the next day. Carved motifs
used on this kite is floral and plants and the pattern is the similar as Wau Bulan.
However, Wau Kucing is darker in color, and there are subtle lineages in the tail. The colours and shapes
are not so attractive, making this kite is not popular as Wau Bulan.
 Types of Wau
National Traditional Wau

3. Wau Jala Budi

Wau Jala Budi is said to have a name from its shape that resembles the leaves of leaves while
the nets are also from the tail frame of Wau Jala Budi. Normally, wau jala will be fitted with a rim
or bow on the top. It aims to produce a buzzing buff produced when the wind is stretched by an
arc rope. When flown to the air, Wau Jala Budi is said to produce a somewhat moderate
buzzing sound that arises from the bow that is in the head.

Wau Jala Budi is also said to have the same thing as 'Chula kite' originating from Thailand..

Traditional Wau popular in Terengganu

Wau Dodo Helang

Wau Dodo Helang is a popular type of kite in Terengganu, Malaysia. Wau dodo eagle is the
official wau for the state of Kelantan. It belongs to the wau bird category. It has the same look
as the eagle, except for the ornament of the different kite chest.

In most cases, the dodo helang kite will be fitted with a handle or bow on the top. This is
intended to produce a buzzing sound generated when the wind passes through the straps of
the arc. Decorative type that is preferred to decorate the chest of dodo helang kite is the motif
of flower and turmeric using tearing technique.
 Process of making wau
1. The best bamboo chosen to make kites frame is bamboo spines and dried. Bamboo Betong is well
suited to serve as the backbone of the kite

2. The strands of bamboo but bamboo skin is not removed. Bamboo blades will be put on fire
before being flex.

3. Frame is made of bamboo spine. Bamboo blade should be offset. Nylon is used to tie the kite frame.

4. Kite frame patching process is done using colored paper. Color paper should be appropriate.

5. Pattern completion pasted on colored paper and then affixed to the body kite.

6. The last process is to make the kite string helm. There are 2 types of rope reins called 'teraju' which are 'teraju dua' and 'teraju tiga'.
After installing the rope reins, the kite is fully complete.
 How to play wau

Normally, the wau is played after the paddy harvesting seasons or when the fishermen cannot go to fishing due the conditions of
the sea. The best time to play the wau is in August and September where moderate winds blows.

Normally the "Wau" will be played by two people, which will hold a "Wau" and another called an interpreter who holds the rope
bridge. When the wind blows, the rope will be pulled against the wind currents and how to extend until the draw string "Wau" was
high in the air.

1. The wau can be used for kite-fighting where

the opponents try to bring down their rivals’ kites
by cutting the strings.

2. The string of the wau is coated with glass

powder to provide the “cutting edge”.

3. Although skills are important in playing the kite

or wau, the wind condition also influences the
playing of the game.
 Sepak Raga Ratus
History of Sepak Raga

Sepak Raga is also known as sepak takraw. “Sepak” is the Malay

word for kick and “takraw” is the Thai word for a woven ball,
therefore sepak takraw to kick ball. The name was given for the
sport after an agreement between Malaysia and Thailand, the
two major forces of the sport. Variations of this were played in
other Southeast Asian countries too; in Thailand it was called
"Takraw", in the Philippines, "Sepa Sepa", in Myanmar, "Ching
Loong", in Indonesia, "Rago" and in Laos, "Kator".

Earliest historical evidence shows that the game was played in

the 15th century’s Malacca Sultanate. The Malay Annals
described in the incident of Raja Muhammad, son of Sultan
Mansur Shah who was accidentally hit with a rattan ball by Tun
Besar, son of Tun Perak, in a sepak raga game.
 How to play sepak raga Characteristics of sepak raga
1. The Takraw ball is made of rattan stems or very hard plastic.
2. A ball weighs approximately 250 grams.

Original rattan ball Modern synthetic ball

This game is usually played by a group of adult males in the

open field.
1. The players will gather in a circle and the game will
begin with one of the players throwing the rattan ball to
another participant who stands opposite of him.
2. The receiver uses any parts of his body possible, except
both the arms to control the ball either by kicking,
heading or using the chest before sending it to another
player as he wishes.
Sepak Bulu Ayam
How to play Bulu Ayam

Sepak Bulu Ayam is a kind of traditional game played in Malaysia. It is

also known as sebuyam or chapteh.

This game can be played singles or more. If it is played alone, the

player will try to kick him as much as possible and as long as possible.
This is usually known as the harvest. The game can also be played by
more than one person, and the player rotates the chicken feathers
while the other players calculate how many times the kick is made.

If it is played more than one player, a group with multiple people can
be formed. This game is like a game of football, but the ball used is
from a chicken feather that has been shaped like a bouquet of
flowers.

How to make Sepak Bulu Ayam

ITEMS: A few strands of chicken feathers on the tail or winged wing (not less than three
strands), large medium-size nails, circular tire tubes of size ranged from 4cm, diameter
and rubber scrap or rubber ring as binder.

1. Some rounded tube rubber bands should be punched through the middle of the
nail.
2. Five strands of long-haired chicken are attached around the nails and tied with a
rubber stamp or rubber ring neatly.
3. If to get a good ball of such a strong glue can be used before bonding is made.
 Bola Cetong
History of Bola Cetong

A Malaysian offshoot is called Congkak. It’s played throughout

parts of Southeast Asia, traditionally by girls, and like many other
Mancala games, involves obtaining more playing pieces in your
home pit than your opponent’s.

Interestingly, in the Malaysian state of Terengganu, this traditional

offshoot has its own more obscure variation, Congkak Gergasi
Wanita, in which the pits are houses and players carry playing
pieces in baskets. It means “Women’s Giant Congkak.”

How to play bola cetong

This game is played by a group of boys and girls and are evenly divided into 2 groups; ie, the
Can Keeper and the Thrower.
1. After a decisive vote of sticks, tin cans are arranged in a pyramid formation on a piece of
a plank of wood.
2. The game starts when members of the Thrower side will take turns throwing a rubber ball at
the cans to displace them. Each of them is given three chances to hit all the cans and
until one of them strike the cans to the ground.
3. The Keeper will take turns to throw the ball to any Thrower members who will sort and
rearrange the fallen cans without being hit by the ball.
4. The group exchanges sides if they fail to arrange all the cans and the game starts afresh.
 Congkak Gergasi Wanita
History of Congkak Gergasi Wanita
A Malaysian offshoot is called Congkak. It’s played throughout
parts of Southeast Asia, traditionally by girls, and like many other
Mancala games, involves obtaining more playing pieces in your
home pit than your opponent’s.

Interestingly, in the Malaysian state of Terengganu, this traditional

offshoot has its own more obscure variation, Congkak Gergasi
Wanita, in which the pits are houses and players carry playing
pieces in baskets. It means “Women’s Giant Congkak.”

How to play Congkak Gergasi Wanita

16 players.
ITEMS NEEDED: Houses, baskets, rubber balls

1. Divide players into two teams of eight, each led by an ibu, or mother. Set houses as corresponding to each team.

2. Ibu of each team instructs players to bring a ball to a chosen house. Players place the ball in a basket, then bring it to a waiting
player in the designated house.

3. Players are repeatedly cycled throughout the houses according to instructions, exchanging and collecting balls. If a ball arrives
in an empty house, it is forfeited to the opposing team.

4. Object of the game is to gather more balls than the opposing team within a time limit.
 Gelek Rim
How to play Gelek Rim
This game is played either individually or in a group. Using
a stick to control a bicycle rim, the player will roll their rim
across a field or along a path in the village. It might look
easy but a right technique is required to balance and
steer the rim faster. The first to steer the rim back to the
starting point will be declared the winner.
Tor Nusup
How to play Shake the Tin
A few pebble stones are placed in an empty tin can with the
opening sealed to secure the pebble stones inside. The one who
draws the shortest stick is the ‘Joker’. A circle is drawn and one of
the players will throw the tin as far as he can. All the players will
then scurry into hiding while the ‘Joker runs for the tin and places it
back inside the circle and starts looking for the players. Each time
he finds a player, he will have to go to the circle and ring the tin. If
the joker manages to catch all the players, then the first caught
will be the next joker.