WELCOME

by
Dr.Mrs. Grace Helina
Prof.and Head
Dept.of Exercise Physiology and Nutrition
TNPESU
Chennai – 06.
BLOOD

 A magical elixir?
 The river of life?
 A mystical force?
 It is THE most
examined tissue in the
body!
 What makes up our blood?
• RED BLOOD CELLS (Erythrocytes) – The most abundant
cells in our blood; they are produced in the bone marrow and
contain a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to our
cells.4.8 million/cu mm-women,5.4 million/cu mm-Men.
• WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes) – They are part of
the immune system and destroy infectious agents called
pathogens.4000-11000 per microliter.
• PLASMA – This is the yellowish liquid portion of blood that
contains electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins, hormones,
clotting factors, and proteins such as antibodies to fight
infection.
• PLATELETS (Thrombocytes) – The clotting factors that are
carried in the plasma; they clot together in a process called
coagulation to seal a wound and prevent a loss of
blood.300,000 per microliter.
 Blood Facts
The average adult has about FIVE liters of blood inside of
their body, which makes up 7-8% of their body weight.
Blood is living tissue that carries oxygen and nutrients to
all parts of the body, and carries carbon dioxide and other
waste products back to the lungs, kidneys and liver for
disposal. It also fights against infection and helps heal
wounds, so we can stay healthy.
There are about one billion red blood cells in two to three
drops of blood. For every 600 red blood cells, there are
about 40 platelets and one white cell.
 Genetics of Blood Types

• Your blood type is established before you are

BORN, by specific GENES inherited from
your parents.
• These two genes - one gene from your
MOTHER and one from your FATHER -
determine your blood type by causing proteins
called AGGLUTINOGENS to exist on the
surface of all of your red blood cells.
What are blood types?
Blood Types
There are 3 alleles or genes for blood AA or AO = Type A
type: A, B, & O. Since we have 2 genes, BB or BO = Type B
there are 6 possible combinations. OO = Type O
AB = Type AB

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/blood/types.cfm
How common is your blood type?
 Rh Factors
• Scientists sometimes study Rhesus monkeys
to learn more about the human anatomy
because there are certain similarities between
the two species. While studying Rhesus
monkeys, a certain blood protein was
discovered. This protein is also present in the
blood of some people. Other people, however,
do not have the protein.
• The presence of the protein, or lack of it, is A+ A-
referred to as the Rh (for Rhesus) factor.
• If your blood does contain the protein, your B+ B-
blood is said to be Rh positive (Rh+). If your AB+ AB-
blood does not contain the protein, your blood
is said to be Rh negative (Rh-).
O+ O-
 Blood Transfusions
A blood transfusion is a procedure in which blood is given to a patient through an
intravenous (IV) line in one of the blood vessels. Blood transfusions are done to replace
blood lost during surgery or a serious injury. A transfusion also may be done if a person’s
body can't make blood properly because of an illness.

Who can give you blood? Universal Donor

People with TYPE O blood are called

Universal Donors, because they can give
blood to any blood type.

People with TYPE AB blood are called

Universal Recipients, because they can
receive any blood type.

Rh +  Can receive + or -
Rh -  Can only receive -
Universal Recipient
 Microscopic
Views
Bird Blood Fish Blood

Horse Blood

Cat Blood Frog Blood

Human Blood
Dog Blood Snake Blood
 BLOOD DOPING
Blood doping is the procedure of increasing
the amount of red blood cells in the human
body to create better all round
performance, By increasing the number of
red blood cells in the body there is more
oxygen taken into the lungs and also
muscles increasing an athletes aerobic
capacity and endurance.
WHAT IS BLOOD DOPING ?

 Blood doping creates better performance by

the number of red blood cells increasing,
through carrying more oxygen to the
muscles. This change in the blood cells has
an affect on helping the performance greatly
towards endurance events. By more blood
cells being in the body there is an increase in
muscle size.
 HOW DOES IT AFFECT THE
HUMAN BODY ?
 Blood doping is used mainly to increase the
performance of an individual in a sporting event.
The use of the drug increases muscle build up in
the body creating stronger and more powerful
people, the use of blood doping can be different
for different individuals, it can be used to
decrease the amount of lactic acid build up
letting the individual be able to continue working
when they shouldn’t be able to.
 Blood Doping – proven effects
 Increased Endurance
 7% increase in Hgb
 5% increase in VO2 max
 34% increase in time to
exhaustion at 95% VO2 max
 44 second improvement in 5 mile
treadmill run time

(Williams and Branch summarized study findings)

WHY IS BLOOD DOPING USED ?
Blood doping is used in all types of
long distance events such as long
distance running, cross country
skiing, long swimming events and so
on, this is as by using this drug
people are highly enhancing their
ability to keep going,when blood
doping is used it helps to keep the
lactic acids from building up and
slowing athletes performance down.
Risk of Blood Doping

 The effects in which blood doping have

on the body can turn bad, these drugs
are used to help people to gain more
endurance and help build muscles up,
but by using blood doping the chemicals
inside can cause kidney damage, blood
infections, heart problems, blood clots
and jaundice ( being where the skin,body
and eye fluids turn yellow).
 THANK YOU

BLOOD IS PRESIOUS

OUR DUTY IS TO TAKE CARE