1 ST GRADING

COMPUTER
- electronic device that process information
- from the Latin term “computare”- to calculate or
a programmable machine
-it takes raw data
-playing games, researching, watching videos, encoding
-is a device that can help people communicate each other
through social media and using internet, researching and
encoding.
-collects, processes, stores and outputs information.
BASIC PARTS OF A COMPUTER & FUNCTIONS
*Computer case/ Tower – enclosure that holds all wires and components of computer
inside. It keeps the parts securely attach so they don’t shift
freely and allows for free ventilation to prevent from
heating.
*Motherboard – “back-bone of a computer”. Its purpose is to connect all the parts of
the computer together and make everything centralized using its
printing circuit board.
*CPU- Central Processing Unit
- brain of the computer
- to select instructions and process them, perform arithmetic and logical
comparisons, and stores result of operations in memory.
*System Unit- contains the main components of the computer, including the mother
board, central processing unit(CPU), and power supply.
*Monitor/Screen - displays information, images and text on the screen.
*Keyboard – one of the main ways to communicate with the computer
-contains letters and numbers
*Mouse – is another important tool for communicating computer. Commonly known as a
pointing device, and it lets you point to objects on the screen, click on them
and move them.
*Computer Speakers – are small, plastic, and have mediocre sound quality.
*Microphone – contains a flexible diaphragm composed of film or foil that vibrates as
it makes contact with the sound.
TWO MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER

*Software – set of instructions for the computer to

perform a specific operations.
*Hardware – collection of the physical parts of the
computer.
- touchable parts
TYPES OF HARDWARE
*Monitor – computer’s screen where you look at
*Keyboard – letters
- numbers
- symbols
- function keys
*Mouse – another tool for communicating computer
*System Unit – chasis
- CPU, motherboard, memory, power supply, buses, hard drives
- saves the information that you have worked
*Printers – use to printout pictures
- makes a copy on your work in a paper
*Scanners – scanning device
- like a camera/copy machine
- copy anything you put on it and saves it to your computer
*Storage device – where you save/stores the data
- CD, flash drive, memory cards
*Speakers
*Microphones
INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES
Input devices – accepts data and instructions from the user or from another computer
system.

Output devices – any piece of computer hardware that displays results after the
computer has processed the input data that has been centered.
INPUT DEVICES
*keyboard – data is inputted into the computer
*mouse – moves the cursor towards the screen
*scanner – can read texts or illustrations printed on paper and translates the
information to a form the computer can use.
*voice-input device – allows a user to sent audio signals to the computer for
processing, recording, or carrying out commands.
- speech, voice recognition system, microphone
*light pen – light-sensitive styles wired to a video terminal used to draw pictures or
select menu options
- the user brings the pen to the desired point on screen and process the
pen button to make contact
*digitizer tablet – a graphics drawing tablet used for sketching new images or
tracing old ones
- “graphics tablet”
*touch screen – type of display screen that has a touch sensitive transparent panel
covering the screen, which is similar to a touch screen
OUTPUT
“Monitor”
DEVICES
3 types
*CRT – Cathode Ray Tubes
- were the only type of displays for use with desktop PCs
*LCD – Liquid Crystal Display technology has been used in laptops for some
time
*LED – Light Emitting Diode
- a display and lighting technology used in almost every electrical and
electronic product on the market
*Printers – a device that pints texts or illustrations on paper
*Ink-jet/bubble-jet printer – sprays ink at a sheet of paper
*Laser printer – use the same technology as a copy machine
*LCD/LED printer – similar to a laser printer, but uses liquid crystal or light emitting
diodes rather than a laser5 to produce an image on the drum
*Line printer – contains a chain of characters or pins that prints an entire line at one
time
*Thermal printer – an expensive printer that works by pushing heated pins against
heated-sensitive paper
*Smart board – a display screen that is sensitive to a touch of a finger or stylus
*Speakers – used to play sounds
*Projectors
EXTERNAL SOCKETS
* External sockets(ports) – connected to the outside of the system unit where you can
connect your devices
Different types:
*Power port – intended for the power chord for the electricity
- 3 male pins
- cable and wire connected: power chord
*PS/2 ports – connects the mouse and keyboard
- keyboard (violet)
- mouse (teal)
- 6 female pins
- PS/2 jack
*Serial port – intended for serial type mouse or older camera
- 9 male pins
*Parallel port – connects old types of printers
- 25 female pins
- printer cable
*Video Graphic Array/VGA port – to connect the monitor
- 15 female pins
- monitor jack
*Universal Serial Bus(USB) port – connects your flash drive
- 4 at the back 2 in front of a system unit
- USB port
*LAN(Local Area Network) port – where you can connect your internet
- RJ45
*Audio port – connects the speakers, headset, etc.
*S Video port – intended for high quality videos.
- not all system unit have this port. 5 female pins.
SOFTWARE
- is the set of instructions (also called program) that guides the hardware to operate
effectively. Software can be split into two main types:
*System Software – any software is required to support the production or
execution of application programs, but which is not specific
to any particular application. Common operating systems
includes windows, Macintosh, OS/OS2 and UNIX.
* Application software- design to help the user to perform a singular or multiple
related task. Example of application software are as follow:

A. Word processing software- MS Word, WordPerfect, Ami Pro, MacWrite.

B. Spreadsheet software- MS Excel, Lotus 123, Quattro Pro.
C. Database Management software- MS Access, dbase, FoxPro, Oracle.
D. Graphics software- Macro Media Flash, Harvard Graphics 3d Studio Max,
Adobe Photoshop.
PEOPLE WARE
- Refers to people involved in the data processing operations such as the system
admins, office worker, student, and others.
FOUR TOOL CLASSIFICATION
1. Electrostatic Discharge- (ESD) tools- Antistatic wrist strap, Antistatic Mat
2. Hand tools- Flatheads, Philips, torx, hex, needlenose plier, wire cutter, tweezer,
part retriever, flashlight.
3. Cleaning tools- Compressed Air, Lint free cloth, cable ties, parts organizer.
4. Diagnostic tools- multimeter, loopback adapter.
TYPES ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE TOOLS
* Anti-static wrist strap- used to prevent ESD damage to computer equipment.
* Anti-static mat- used to stand on or place hardware or to prevent static
electricity from building up.
TYPES OF HAND TOOLS
*Flatheads screwdriver – used to loosen or tighten slotted head screws.
*Philips Head screwdriver – used to tighten or loosen crosshead screws.
*Torx screwdriver – used to loosen or tighten screws with star-like depression.
*Hex driver – sometimes called a nuts driver. Used to tighten nuts in the same
way that screw driver tighten screws.
*Needle-nose pliers – used to hold small parts.
*Wire cutter – used to strip and cut wires.
*Tweezers – used to manipulate small parts
 *Part Retriever – used to retrieve parts from location that is small for your
hand to fit.
*Flashlight – used to light up areas that you cannot see well.
TYPES OF CLEANING TOOLS
*Lint-free Cloth – used to clean different computer components without
scratching or leaving debris.
*Compressed Air – used to blow away dust and debris from different
computer parts without touching the components
*Cable Ties – used to bundle cables neatly inside and outside of a computer.
*Parts Organizer – used to hold screw, jumper, fastener and other small parts.
TYPES OF DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS
*Multi-meter – to test the integrity of circuits and quality of electricity in computer.
*Loopback Adapter – to test the functionality of computer parts
PERSONAL ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES
(PECS)
Entrepreneurial competencies refer to the important characteristics that should be possessed by
an individual in order to perform entrepreneurial functions effectively.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD ENTREPRENEUR:
*Hardworking – working diligently and being consistent about it.
*Disciplined – always stick to the plan and fight temptation to do what’s unimportant.
*Confident – have self-reliance in ones ability and judgement.
*Committed – give full commitment and solid dedication to make the business successful.
*Ability to Accept Change – can cope with and thrive on changes.
*Creative – innovates to stay in the business and in order to have an edge over the
other competitors.
*Has the Initiative – put your self in a position where you are responsible for the failure
or success of your business.
*Profit-Oriented – generate profit or additional income.
*Excellent Planner – strategic thinking and goal setting to achieve objectives.
*Possessed People Skill – effectiveness and efficient communications and establishing
good relationship to the people working in and out of your
business.
*Sound Decision Maker – has the ability to think quickly and to make wise decisions
towards a pre-determined objectives.
*BIT/s – smallest or fundamental unit of information
- 0 and 1
- abbreviation of the word “Binary Digits”
*ASCII – American Standard Code for Information Interchange
A=01000001
9=00001001
25 QOUTIENT REMAINDER
25/2 12 1
12/2 6 0
6/2 3 0
3/2 1 1
1/2 0 1

25=11001
UNITS OF MEASURE
BYTES (B) – 8 bits
- smallest unit of measure used to represent data.
KILOBYTES (KB) – 1,024 bytes
MEGABYTES (MB) – 1,048,576 bytes
GIGABYTES (GB) – 1,073,741,824 bytes
TERABTYTES (TB) – 1,099,511,627,776 bytes
 FLOWCHART
A diagram that uses symbols to depict the nature and flow of steps in a process.

Elements of Flowchart
*Terminator – start and the end of the process.
- oval or oblong
*Process – action regarding to your activity
- rectangle
*Sub-process – process subdivided into sub-processes
- rectangle
*Decision – answerable by yes or no
- diamond
*Connector – used to connect or make single page
- represented by small circle
*Arrow Lines – shows the direction
- from top to bottom(preferably)
*Drawing – act or the art representing any object by means of lines and shades.
*Pictures – visual representation or image painted, drawn, photograph, or otherwise
rendered on a flat surface.
*Process – series of actions, changes or functions bringing about a results.
*Technical – pertaining to the useful or mechanical arts, or to signs or business.
*Technician – a person skilled in mechanical or industrial techniques or in a particular
technical field
*Flowchart – a diagram that uses graphic symbols to depict the nature and flow of
the steps in a process.
*Tool Kit – a small bag or box equipped with hand tools
*Tree Structure – an algorithm for placing and locating files in an organized
database.
BASIC FLOWCHART SYMBOLS
1. Oval – indicates both the starting point and the ending point of the process steps
2. Box – represents an individual steps or activity in the process
3. Diamond – shows a decision point, such as yes/no or go/not go. Each path
emerging from the diamond must be labeled with one of the possible answers.
4. Circle – indicates that a particular steps is connected to another page or part of
the flowchart.
2 ND GRADING
SHORTCUT KEYS
- Are special key combination that causes a specific command.
Ctrl + A = Select all
Ctrl + B = Bold
Ctrl + C = Copy
Ctrl + D = Open font preference window
Ctrl + E = Align the text to the center screen
Ctrl + F = Open find box
Ctrl + I = Italicized
Ctrl + J = Justify
Ctrl + K = Insert hyperlink
Ctrl + L = Align the text to the left side
Ctrl + M = Indenting the paragraph
Ctrl + N = Opening new blank document
Ctrl + O = Open file
Ctrl + P = Print
Ctrl + R = Align text to the right side
Ctrl + S = Save
Ctrl + T = Create hanging indention
Ctrl + U = Underline
Ctrl + V = Paste
Ctrl + W = Cut
Ctrl + Y = Redo
Ctrl + Z = Undo
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
PROCEDURES
3 Steps:
Spot the hazard (Hazard Identification)
- Finding the hazard
Asses the risk (Risk Assessment)
- Evaluate
Make the changes (Risk Control)
- The thing that you are going to do to prevent th
KINDS OF HAZARD
Physical Hazard – Dealing with physical activities.
 Mechanical Hazard – Hazards dealing with machines.
 Chemical Hazard – Experience mostly in laboratories.
 Electric Shock Hazard – Volts, power.
HOW TO MANAGE YOUR DESKTOP
Inbox – Put unprocessed items that don’t have a place yet in here.
Action Items – Put items requiring all actions that takes more than 2 minutes.
On-hold – Put items you aren’t yet ready to do complete in here.
Current Projects – Put files related to active projects in here.
Archive – Put completed projects, general reference items and anything else you
might want to look at again in here.
COMPUTER WORKSTATION ERGONOMICS
Keyboard Placement – Place the keyboard in a position that allows the forearms to be close
to the horizontal and the wrist to be strength.
Chair – Adjust the seat so that you are comfortable when you are working on the keyboard
Screen Placement – Set the eye to screen at the distance that permits you to most easily focus
on the screen.
 Desktop-Layout – Place all controls and task materials within a comfortable reach of both
hands.
 Document Holder – Place this close to the monitor screen in the position that causes least
twisting or indirection of the head.
 Posture and Environment – Change posture at frequent intervals to minimize fatigue and
awkward postures at the extremes of the joint range, especially the wrists.
 Lighting – Place the monitor to the side of the light source; not directly underneath.
Glare and Reflection – It is important to detect the presence of glare and reflection.
 Using a Mouse – A well designed mouse should not cause undue pressure on the
wrist and forearm muscles.
 Posture During Keying – Good posture is essential for all users of computer.
 Typing Technique – Typing is a physical activity and using a keyboard requires
skill, hands the need to learn typing technique.
 Speed of Keying – The efficiency and speed of modern computers makes i9t
possible for a skilled operator to type extremely quickly.
 Length of Time on the Keyboard – It is recommended that operator avoid spending
more than 5 hours in a day on keyboard duties and no longer than 50 minutes per
hour a posture/stretching break.
3 RD GRADING
MICROSOFT EXCEL
oRows – Consist of numbers

oColumns – Consist of letters

oCell – Combination of rows and columns

SWOT ANALYSIS
A managerial tool used in business.
Used to gather important information.
S – STRENGTH
W – WEAKNESS
O – OPPURTUNITY
T – THREATS
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
Process of making new product which will be sold to the
customer.
 Needs – The things that you cannot live without. Such as:
food, shelter, clothing, education and others.
 Wants – The unnecessary things that you want or desire.
CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
Identify Customer Needs – In this stage, the information that can be possibly gathered are
product specifications (performance, taste, size, color, shape, life span of the product, etc.)
 Establish Target Specification – Based on customers needs and reviews of competitive
products, you can now establish target specifications of the prospective new product or
services. This is essentially a wish-list.
 Analyze Competitive Products – It is imperative to analyze existing competitive products to
provide important information in establishing products to provide important information in
establishing product specifications.
 Generate Product Concepts – You may now develop a number of services that are technically
feasible and will best meet the requirements of the target specifications.
 Select A Product Concept – Through the process of evaluation between attributes, a final
concept is selected.
Refine Product Specifications – In this stage, product or services specification are
refined on the basis of input from the foregoing activities.
 Perform Economic Analysis – It is very important to always review and estimate the
economic implication regrading development expenses, manufacturing costs, and
selling price of the product of services to be offered or provided.
 Plan The Development Project – In this final stage of concept development, you can
prepare a detailed development plan which includes list of activities, necessary
resources and expenses, and development schedule with milestones for tracking
progress.
VALUE PROPOSITION

Is a believable collection of the

most persuasive reasons why people
should notice you and take the
action you are asking for.
INNOVATION

Is the introduction of something new in

your product or service.
UNIQUE SELLING PROPOSITION
- Is the factor or consideration presented by a seller as the reason that one product or service
is different from and better than that of the competition.

• Design a Logo – Create a logo/symbol of your business and consistent with your tagline and
displace it strategically.
• Develop a Tagline – Write a statement that is meaningful, impressive, and easy to remember
to capture the essence of your brand.
• Branding – A marketing practice of creating a name, a symbol or design that identifies and
differentiates product or service from the rest.
• Write a Brand Message – Select a key message to communicate about your brand.
• Sustain a Brand Quality – Deliver a promise of quality through you brand.
• Practice Consistency – Be reliable and consistent to what your brand means in your business
GENERATING IDEAS FOR BUSINESS
Examine existing goods and services
 Examine the present and future needs.
 Examine how the needs of being satisfied.
 Examine the available resources.
 Read magazines news articles and other publications and techniques or advances in
technology.
4TH GRADING
NETWORK
- Interconnected group of computers.

Benefits of Shared Network

 Software and data files can be shared for access for multiple users.
 E-mails can be sent and received.
 Collaboration features allow contributes by multiple users to a single document.
 Can be used to troubleshoot problems or show new users how to perform a task.
TOPOLOGY
- Map of a network.
Kinds of Topology
Bus Topology – The cable is just for 1 or more wires with no active electrons to
amplify then signals or pass it from one computer to another computer.
Advantages:
1. Easy to use and to understand.
2. Requires least amount of cables to connect computers together.
Disadvantages:
1. Heavy network traffic can slow a bus as only one computer can send a message
at a time.
2. It is difficult to troubleshoot a bus.
Star Topology – All the cables run from the computers to the central location where
they are all connected to a hub or switch.
Advantages:
1. Easy to modify and add new computers without disturbing the rest of the network.
2. The center of the star network is a good place to diagnose the faults.
3. Single computer failure does not necessarily bring down the whole star network.

Disadvantages:
1. If the central device fails, the whole network fails to operate.
2. Star networking is expensive because all network must be pulled to one central
point, requires more cable than other network topologies.
Ring Topology – In type, each computer is connected to the next computer with the
last one connected to the first.

Advantages:
Each node has equal access.
Capable of high speed data transfer.

Disadvantages:
Failure of one computer on the ring can affect the whole network.
Difficult to troubleshoot the network.
TYPES OF NETWORK IN ORDER OF SCALE
PAN (Personal Area Network)
- Network used for communication among computer devices close to one
person.
- Reach of the PAN is approximately 20-30 feet or 6-9 meters.
 LAN (Local Area Network)
- Network covering a small geographic area like home office or building.
 Client Server Network
Server – Located in closed/secured areas holding the organizations most valuable
data.
Clients – The rest of the computer in the network.
Peer-to-Peer Network
- Every computer can communicate in the network to which it has been granted access.

Campus Area Network (CAN)

- A network that connects two or more LANs but that is limited to a specific and contiguous
geographical area such as a college campus, industrial complex, or military base.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

- Is a network that connects two or more LAN or CAN together, but does not extend
beyond the boundaries of the immediate town, city, or metropolitan area.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

- Is a data communication network that covers a relatively broad area (i.e. one city to
another city and one country to another country).

Global Area Network (GAN)

- Specifications are in development by several groups and there is no common definition
INTERNET
- Sometimes called the “net”.

- A means of connecting a computer to any other computer anywhere in the world via
dedicated routers and servers.

- Is a worldwide system of computer networks – a network of networks in which users

at any computer can if they have permission, can get information from any other
computer.
HISTORY OF INTERNET
It was conceived by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the US
government in 1969 and was first known as the ARPANet.
The original aim was to create a network that would allow users of a research
computer at one university to “talk to” research computers at other universities.

TCP – Transmission Control Protocol

 IP – Internet Protocol
- Is a suite of communication protocols used to interconnect network devices on
the internet.
 World Wide Web
- Discovered by Tim Berners-Lee, WWW was seen as a service to connect
documents in websites using hyperlinks.
Website
- Is a place where groups of people share information and resources on the
internet.

 Universal Resource Locator (URL)

- The address of a website.
- Today, the internet is a public, cooperative and self-sustaining facility
accessible to hundreds of millions of people worldwide.
- Using the Web, browsing is done with a Web browser, and Internet explorer.
COMPUTER NETWORK CABLES
Cables – Only medium used to connect devices on networks.
Fiber-Optic Cables – Use glass or plastic to transmit data.
Types of Cables:
Twisted pair – A type of copper cabling that is used for telephone communications
and most Ethernet networks.
Types of Twisted Pair Cables:
a) Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) – Cable that has two or four pairs of wires.
b) Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) – Each pair of wire is wrapped in metallic foil to
better shield the wires from noise.
Coaxial Cable – A copper cable surrounded by a heavy shielding.
Types of Coaxial Cable:
a) Thicknet (10BASE5) – Coaxial cable used in networks operating at 10Mbps, with
a maximum length of 500m.
b) Thinnet (10BASE2) – Coaxial cable used in networks operating at 10Mbps, with a
maximum length of 185m.
c) RG-59 – Most commonly used for cable TV in the US.
d) RG-6 – Higher quality cable than RG-59 with more bandwidth and less
susceptibility to interference.
Optical Fiber – Glass/plastic conductor that transmits information using light.
Types of Glass Fiber-Optic Cables:
a) Multimode – Has a thicker code than single mode cable.
b) Single-Mode – Has a very thin cable, harder to make.