OVERVIEW OF

ANIMALS
BIOL 5
• Carolus Linnaeus
• He started out interested
in plants, but he ended
up ordering all life as he
knew it.
• Putting animals in order
like this is called
taxonomy.

• Linnaeus'ssystem has
seven levels:
1. Kingdom 5. Family
2. Phylum 6. Genus
3. Class 7. Species
4. Order
Kingdom

• Generally,
scientists agree there are six
kingdoms. The animal kingdom (called
Kingdom Animalia) is just one of those.
• The others are Archaebacteria,
Eubacteria, Protists, Fungi and Plants.
 Phylum Porifera
• The Sponges:
a) Habitat: mainly marine (salt water)
b) Sponges have a porous body wall.
c) Adult sponges are sessile feeders
which means these animals are
attached to shells or rocks on the
ocean floor as they feed.
d) Shape: asymmetrical which means
no definite shape
 Phylum Coelenterata
The Coelenterates: jellyfish, hydras, corals
a) Habitat: marine
b) Body wall: Their body wall is made of 2 cell
layers called the ectoderm and endoderm.
c) Digestive System: The digestive system is
incomplete.
d) Symmetry: radial
e) Specialized Cells:
Phylum Platyhelminthes
The Flatworms: planaria, tapeworms
a) Habitat: fresh and salt water; terrestrial(land)
b) Body Plan: These animals are given their name
because of their flattened bodies.
c) Digestive System: Incomplete
d) Symmetry: Bilateral symmetry and they have a
definite head and tail region.
 Phylum Nematoda
The Roundworms
a) Habitat: fresh and salt water; terrestrial
b) Body Plan: The body of a roundworm is long, smooth
and unsegmented.
c) Digestive System: Roundworms have a complete
digestive system
d) Symmetry: Bilateral symmetry with an anterior end
and a posterior end.
Phylum Annelida
The Segmented Worms: earthworm, leech, sandworm
a) Habitat: marine, freshwater, terrestrial
b) Body Plan: similar shape as the roundworm but
the body is segmented both internally and
externally
c) Digestive System: Complete
d) Symmetry: Bilateral
 Phylum Arthropoda
The Arthropods: insects, spiders, crustaceans
a) Habitat: arthropods are found in all environments.
b) Numbers: Arthropods are the most successful of
any animal group.
c) Body Plan: Arthropods have a segmented body
with paired jointed appendages
d) Exoskeleton: Chitin
e) Symmetry: Bilateral
 Phylum Mollusca
The Mollusks: clams, snails, oysters, octopus
a) Habitat: marine and fresh water; terrestrial
b) Body Plan: Mollusks have a soft, unsegmented
body and often move with a strong muscular foot
on its ventral surface.
c) Symmetry: bilateral
Phylum Echinodermata
The Echinoderms: sea stars, sea urchins
a) Habitat: all are marine living mainly on the ocean
floor.
b) Body: Echinoderms have an internal, limy
skeleton and a spiny outside surface or skin.
c) Water-vascular System: Echinoderms like sea
stars and sea urchins are well known for their
water-vascular system
d) Digestive System: complete
e) Symmetry: Radial
Phylum Chordata
The Chordates: fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds,
mammals
a) Habitat: marine, freshwater, or terrestrial
b) Symmetry: bilateral
c) Dorsal nerve cord.
d) Chordates have a flexible, supporting rod or
notochord on their dorsal side.
Class
• The third level of classification is class. For
example, Phylum Chordata has classes in
it like birds, mammals (Mammalia) and
reptiles.
Order
• The next level, or rank, is order. Orders
are smaller groups within the different
classes.
• Lepidoptera is the order of moths and
butterflies.
• Carnivora is the order within Mammalia
that has the most diversity in animal size.
 Family
• The fifth rank of classification is family.
• The family for dogs is Canidae.
 Genus
•A genus may have only one or two animals in it.
• Ifanimals are in the same genus, they are
really closely related.
 Species
• If
animals can breed together successfully, they
are a species.
• When an animal is called by its scientific name,
then that means it is being identified by its
genus and species.
• Thescientific name of dogs is Canis familiaris;
however, the scientific name of wolves is Canis
lupus.
ANIMALS

• Theword 'animal' is derived from the Latin

word animalis which means having breath
• area major group of organisms, classified as
the kingdom Animalia.
CHARACTERISTICS:
• Multicellular Organization
• Heterotrophic
• Sexual
reproduction and
development
• Movement
 Multicellular Organization

• Most animals contain large numbers of cells.

Humans contain 50 trillion cells.
• In most animals, there is a division of labor.
Specialization is the adaptation of a cell for a
particular function.
Tissues are the organization of cells. Cell are able
to organize by the joining of cells by cell junctions.
Cell specialization has allowed organisms to
evolve and adapt to many environments.
 Heterotrophic
• Theymust obtain complex
organic material from other
sources.
• Mostaccomplish this through
ingestion.
• Digestion is accomplished within
the animal. This process extracts
the carbohydrates, protein and
lipids from the food eaten.
Sexual Reproduction and Development
• Sexualreproduction restores the diploid number and increases
genetic variation.
• During the developmental process, the zygote undergoes many
mitotic divisions. These identical cells must undergo
differentiation.
• Differentiation
is process of cell becoming different from each
other and being specialized.
 Movement
• Most animal are able to move.
• The ability to move results from the
interrelations of two types of tissues found
only in animals: nervous tissue and
muscular tissue.
• There are a few animals that are sessile.
CLASSIFICATION
• Taxonomists have grouped animals into
several phyla based on evolutionary
relationships.
• Many taxonomist recognize 30 or more
animal phyla.
• We will investigate 11 phyla. Ten of the
phyla include invertebrates.
• Only Chordata includes the vertebrates.
ANIMAL BODY STRUCTURE
•Symmetry
•Germ layers
•Body Cavities
SYMMETRY
• refers
to the consistent overall pattern of
structure of an animal.
• Animals
have three patterns of
symmetry.
 Asymmetry – no symmetry; no general plan
 Radial Symmetry – similar parts branch in all
directions from a central point
 Bilateral Symmetry- similar halves on either
side of a central plane.
Patterns of Symmetry
• Most
animals have a dorsal, ventral, anterior and
posterior side or orientation.
Dorsal – top
Ventral – bottom
Anterior – head
Posterior - tail
• Most
animals exhibit cephalization, the
concentration of sensory and brain structures in the
anterior. Animals with cephalization have a head!
 GERM LAYERS
• Germ layers are
fundamental tissue
types found in all
animals except sponges
(no true tissues).
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
BODY CAVITIES
• Mostanimals have a fluid filled space
that forms between the digestive tract
and the outer wall of the body during
development. This space is known as
a COELOM.
• Acoelomate (without a coelom)
2 germ layers
ectoderm and endoderm
not separated by a cavity
least complex body plan
Examples: sponges and cnidarians
• 3-layer acoelomate
3 germ layers
endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm
not separated by a cavity
Example: flatworms
• Pseudocoelomate
pseudocoelom
cavity formed between mesoderm
and endoderm
Ex. roundworms and rotifers
• Coelomate
cavity developed within the
mesoderm
most complex body plan
Ex. mollusks, annelids, arthropods,
echinoderms, and chordates
ANIMAL DIVERSITY
• Invertebrates Kingdom
 10 phyla Animalia
 95% of animals
• Chordates
 Notochord Invertebrates Chordates
 Dorsal nerve cord
 Pharyngeal pouches
 Postanal tail
Vertebrates
Vertebrates
 Include fishes, birds and mammals
What is the difference in a
vertebrate and an invertebrate?

• Vertebrate is an animal with a

backbone
• Invertebrates do not have a
backbone.
 INVERTEBRATES VERTEBRATES
ABOUT Animals without a Animals with an
backbone internal skeleton
made of bone are
called vertebrates.
KINGDOM Animalia Animalia
PHYSICAL Multicellular; no back Well-developed
CHARACTERISTI bone; no cell walls; internal skeleton;
CS reproduce highly developed
sexually; heterotrophic brain; have
advanced nervous
system; outer covering
of protective cellular
skin.
 INVERTEBRATES VERTEBRATES
EXAMPLES Insects, flatworms etc. Parrots, Humans,
snakes etc
CLASSIFICATION 30 phyla Classified into five
groups: fish,
amphibians,
reptiles, birds, and
mammals.
PHYLUM Phylum Porifera, Phylum Phylum Chordata
Cnidaria, Nematoda,
Platyhelminthes, Annelida,
Mollusca, Echinodermata,
Arthropoda
 INVERTEBRATES VERTEBRATES
SIZE Small and slow Big in size.
moving.

SPECIES 98% of animal species 2% of the animal

are invertebrates. species are
vertebrates.

NUMBER OF ~2 million named, 57,739

SPECIES many millions more
not yet identified
ANIMAL
STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION
BIOL 5
TISSUES
•Groups of many similar cells
that perform the same
specific function
Types of Tissues
1. Epithelial Tissue
tightly packed cells used for lining
2. Connective Tissue
cells scattered through an extracellular matrix
3. Nervous Tissue
transmits signals (neurons)
4. Muscle Tissue
fibers for contraction
1. Epithelial
Tissue

• Cell layers
Simple
Stratified
Pseudostratified
• Shape of Cells
Cuboidal
Columnar
Squamous
Simple Epithelium
Squamous
 mouth, blood vessels, heart, lungs and outer layers of the skin

Cuboidal
 Glands and their ducts, and the lining of the kidney tubules

Columnar
 lining of the stomach and intestines
 Some specialized for sensory reception: nose, ears and taste
buds of the tongue
Stratified Epithelium
• Keratinized top layer (tough)- skin
• –Un-keratinized top layer- mouth cavity

• Epithelial tissue on the interior body surfaces is known as

endothelium
• Collagen
sponge-like scaffold of a tensile
protein

• Cartilage
Specialized cells with extracellular
matrix and proteins (collagen and
elastin)
• Bone
living and dead cells in the mineralized
organic matrix
hardened by calcium phosphate and
calcium carbonate deposits
• Ligaments
connect bones to bone
• Tendons
connect muscle to bone
ORGAN
ORGAN SYSTEMS
• Work together to perform life functions. Each organ system has
one or more functions
• Eleven organ systems:
 Digestive
 Respiratory
 Circulatory
 Immune
 Excretory
 Endocrine
 Nervous
 Integumentary
 Skeletal
 Muscular
 Reproductive