Russian Codes (9.11)

GOST R 52857(1-12) – 2007
“Vessels and apparatus.

Norms and methods of strength calculation”
INTRODUCTION
First national standard regulations on the strength design and calculating of
vessels & apparatus: RTM 42-62 «Vessels and apparatus. Norms and methods of a
strength design of assemblies and components» appeared in the USSR in early
1960s.
A lot of work on the preparation of uniform rules for the calculation of the states
COMECON. Jointly with their colleagues from East Germany (GDR),
Czechoslovakia and other states Soviet specialists developed standards (ST SEV)
for a design of vessels and apparatus. Soviet national standards GOST 14249,
GOST 24755, GOST 24756, GOST 24757 and many others were developed on this
basis.
If a mutual consent of all COMECON states on any questions hadn't been
achieved, according documents published as industry standards: RD 26-14-88, RD
26-15-88 etc. Consequently, highly developed system of standard technical
documents on a strength design of vessels and apparatus has been worked out in
the USSR.
GOST R 52857(1-12) – 2007
INTRODUCTION (2)
It consisted of several tens of documents, which were systematically revised and
renewed, according to new researches and experience. But the evident defect of this
system is a great number of various documents of different levels, it entangled the
system and make its use very complicated.
In the beginning of 2000s two new circumstances appeared which also stimulated
a revision of old standards. First, «On a technical regulation» act was adopted, in
accordance with it all types of normative standard documents, used in Russia,
had to be unified. Second, it has been adopted the new European standard EN
13445, in the development of which former colleagues from COMECON actively
participated.
As a result, general approaches, underlying in EN 13445, were often very close
to approaches, conformed in COMECON and used in Russian standards. Moreover,
many sections, which had been developed earlier during the COMECON meetings,
and then became a part of our standards, have been also included into the new
European standard without any significant changes.
GOST R 52857(1-12) – 2007
INTRODUCTION (3)
It gave an opportunity to harmonize main sections of redeveloped Russian norms
with the European standard EN 13445.
Vladimir I. Rachkov (head of Department of strength of “JSC NIICHIMMASH”)
leaded a workgroup of developers of the new collection of standards. There were
also specialists affiliated with “Petrokhim Engineering Ltd.” and “JSC
VNIINEFTEMASH”. During the work, there were also involved representatives from
other companies with experience of the standards' development, who were authors
of several normative documents, assumed as a basis for redeveloped standards.
As a result there were developed a collection Russian National Standards GOST
R 52857.1-2007…GOST R 52857.12-2007 “Vessels and apparatus. Norms and
methods of strength calculation”.
GOST R 52857(1-12) – 2007
The 33 previously existing document:

 GOST 14249-89  GOST 25867-83  GOST 27691-88
GOST 24755-89 GOST 26158-84 RD 24.200.17-90
GOST 25221-82 GOST 26202-84 RD 26-11-05-85
GOST 25859-83 GOST 28822-83 RD 26-01-05-84
 GOST 27691-88 RD 26-01-157-86
OST 26-01-298-81 RD 26-01-164-88
RD 26-260.009-92 RD 26-01-162-87
RD 26-15-88 RD 26-14-88
RD 26-01-163-87 RD 24.200.21-91
RD 26-01-169-89 RD 26-16-88
RD RTM 26-01-96-83 RD 26-6-87
RD RTM 26-01-102-77 RD 26-02-62-98
RD RTM 26-01-63-81 RD 24.201.11-90
RD RTM 26-01-140-82 RD 301.09-9-11-91
RD 26-01-85-86
GOST - government standard
OST - industry standard
RD - Guidance document
RTM - Technical guidance document
GOST R 52857(1-12) – 2007
The content of the new national standards for calculating the
strength of vessels and apparatuses, working under pressure:
GOST R 52857.1-2007. “Vessels and apparatus. Norms and methods of strength
calculation. General requirements”
GOST R 52857.2-2007. ”Vessels and apparatus. Norms and methods of strength
calculation. Calculation of cylindrical and conic, shells, convex and flat bottoms
and covers”
calculation. Reinforcement of openings in shells and heads under internal and
external pressure. Strength calculation of shells and heads under external static
loads on the nozzle”
calculation. Strength and leak-tightness calculation of flange joints”
calculation. Calculation of shells and heads from influence of support loads”
GOST R 52857(1-12) – 2007

calculation. Strength calculation under low-cyclic loads” GOST R 52857.7-2007.
“Vessels and apparatus. Norms and methods of strength calculation. Heat-
exchangers”
GOST R 52857.8-2007. ”Vessels and apparatus. Norms and methods of strength
calculation. Jacketed vessels and apparatus”
calculation. Determination of stresses at nozzle-to-shell and head junctions under
action of pressure and external loads on the nozzle”
calculation. Vessels and apparatus involving hуdrogen sulphide media”
calculation. Method of strength calculation of shells and heads according to weld
misalignment, angular misalignment and shell no roundness”
calculation. Requirements for representation of the strength calculations carried
out on the computer”
GOST R 52857.1 – 2007
“Vessels and apparatus. Norms and methods of strength calculation.
General requirements ”
Includes list of loadings and other conditions shall be considered at design,

definitions of design temperature (T), operate, design and test pressure (P), safety
factors and allowable stresses ([σ]) for design by rule and design by analysis.
Comparisons between safety factors for carbon and low alloy steel pressure
vessels in GOST R 52857.1-2007, EN 13445, ASME Code VIII.1-2015 and ASME
Code VIII. 2-2015 presented in the table
Safety factors
for Yield for Tensile for Stress for Creep
Strength Strength Rupture Rate
GOST R 52857.1 1.5 2.4 1.5 1.0
EN 13445.3 1.5 2.4 - -
ASME Code VIII, div.1 1.5 3.5 1.25 1.0
ASME Code VIII, div.2 1.5 2.4 1.25 1.0
GOST R 52857.1 – 2007
Design by analysis in GOST R 52857.1 based on stresses calculated on an

elastic basis and stress categories method for their estimation. The approach for
valuing of stresses, presented in GOST R 52857.1, while using design by analysis,
is similar to the approach presented in Annex C EN 13445-3 and Part 5 (5.2.2)
ASME Code VIII. 2.
In the course of drawing up conclusion on operability of vessels and apparatuses
various stress categories are used:
- total membrane  m ;
- local membrane  m L ;
- total bending  И ;
- local bending  Иl ;
- total temperature  t ;
- local temperature  tL .
In addition to safety factors and allowable stresses for steel vessels, GOST R
52857.1 regulates values of safety factors and allowable stresses for titanium,
copper, aluminum and its alloys.
In the case of cladding of integrally-bonded type, the strength of the cladding
according GOST R 52857.1 may be taken into account.
GOST R 52857.1 – 2007
In annexes to GOST R 52857.1 there are tables of allowable stresses, mechanical
and physical behavior for different steels, titanium, copper, aluminum and its alloys,
as well as weld and brazing joint coefficients (φ).
GOST R 52857.2 – 2007
Calculation of cylindrical and conic shells, convex and flat bottoms
and covers”
The base Code, which includes methods of strength and buckling calculation of
cylindrical and conical shells and dished heads under internal and external
pressure, forces and moments.
The strength calculation is based on the low boundary of the limit load. The
instability calculation is based on the low critical load.
The strength and buckling of vessels and equipment is estimated using the
minimum required thickness (sp) and allowable pressure ([p]).
- the corrosion allowance;
- the absolute value of the possible negative tolerance;
- the allowance for possible thinning during manufacturing process
For cylindrical shells loaded by internal pressure:
When calculating the external pressure it is important buckling, which depends in

the design length (l) (see Fig.)
GOST R 52857.2 – 2007
and covers”
The design length of the smooth shell

GOST R 52857.2 – 2007
and covers”
For stiffened cylinders use the stiffness coefficient
of the shell, reinforced by stiffening rings
Allowable external pressure
- allowable external pressure based on

the buckling conditions of the whole shell
- allowable external pressure based from

the buckling conditions of the shell
between stiffening rings
GOST R 52857.2 – 2007
and covers”
Similar shells are calculated from the loads.

Shells loaded with axial tensile force F :
Shells loaded by axial compressive force
- allowable axial compressive force

from the condition of strength;
- allowable axial compressive force
from the condition of buckling;
- local buckling;
- overall buckling.
GOST R 52857.2 – 2007
and covers”
Shells loaded by bending moment M :
- allowable bending moment from the condition of strength;
- allowable bending moment from the buckling are

within the limits of elasticity.
Shells loaded by shear forces Q :
- allowable shear forces from the condition of strength;
- allowable shear forces from the buckling are

within the limits of elasticity.
Shells, working under the joint action of external pressure, axial compressive force,
bending moment and shear force
GOST R 52857.2 – 2007
and covers”
The calculation of the dished heads
elliptical hemispherical torispherical

elliptical (hemispherical ):
internal pressure -
external pressure -
GOST R 52857.2 – 2007
and covers”
torispherical head type:
internal pressure -
external pressure - as elliptical head at the

Spherical domed heads
- allowable pressure from the strength of marginal areas;
- allowable pressure from the strength of central areas.

GOST R 52857.2 – 2007
and covers”
Flat heads and covers

GOST R 52857.2 – 2007
and covers”
Flat heads and covers radial ribs

GOST R 52857.2 – 2007
and covers”
Cones and conical heads
internal pressure -
external pressure -
GOST R 52857.3 – 2007
Reinforcement of openings in shells and heads under internal and external
pressure. Strength calculation of shells and heads under external static loads on
the nozzle”
Consists of two parts. The first part is based on the modified area replacement
method, i.e. the method of a replacement of a cross sectional missing area of
openings with cross sectional areas of material reinforcement of shell and nozzles.
Results by GOST R 52857.3 area replacement method are similar to results by the
pressure-area method from EN 13445 (par.9).
The second part - strength calculation of shells and heads under external static
loads on the nozzle is analogous to par.16.4-16.5 EN 13445.
Compensation cut section fitting arbitrary shape

GOST R 52857.3 – 2007
the nozzle”
calculation scheme of connection of the nozzle with the wall of the vessel
The general equation for the reinforcement of an isolated opening
- maximum length of nozzle outside the shell for reinforcement;

- maximum length of width of reinforcing plate for reinforcement;
- maximum length of nozzle inside the shell for reinforcement;

- maximum length of shell contributing to opening reinforcement
GOST R 52857.3 – 2007
the nozzle”
similar to ASME VII div.2
GOST R 52857.3 – 2007
the nozzle”
Strength calculation of cylindrical shells and spherical heads
under external static loads on the nozzle
Used semi-empirical relations for determination of allowable loads from

EN 13445 (par.9); British Standard BS 5500 : 1997 “Specification for Unfired fusion welded pressure vessels”;
LECKIE, F. A. and PENNY, R. K. Solutions for the stresses in nozzles in pressure vessels. 1963. Weld.
Res. Coun. Bull. No. 90;
BIJLAARD, P. P. and CRANCH, E. T. Stresses and deflections due to local loadings on cylindrical
shells. Weld. J. (Research Supplement). 1960, July.
GOST R 52857.3 – 2007
the nozzle”
Local loads on nozzles in cylindrical shell
The allowable axial load:
The allowable bending moment [Mx], acting on the fitting in the plane,
perpendicular to the axis of the vessel:
The allowable bending moment [My], acting on the fitting in the plane,
perpendicular to the axis of the vessel :
strength condition with the joint action of load:
GOST R 52857.3 – 2007
the nozzle”
Local loads on nozzles in spherical shells
The allowable axial load:
The allowable bending moment [Mb], acting on the fitting in the plane,
perpendicular to the axis of the vessel:
strength condition with the joint action of load:

GOST R 52857.4 – 2007
Strength and leak-tightness calculation of flange joints”
Includes the method of design flange joints with integral, optional and loose type
flanges. Instead of the ring in a model of flange joint there were used the plate as in
the modified Tailor Forge method in the ASME Code VIII, 1.
At the same time, the theoretical model of flange joint in the GOST R 52857.4,
unlike to ASME Code VIII, div.1, examines the team-work and the compatibility of
deformations of all flange joint elements. Due to this fact, GOST R 52857.4
calculates the flange connection entirely and allows to consider a different thermal
expansion between a bolt and a flange, the behavior of the bolt load as pressure is
applied, non-pressure loads and other. The criteria of strength for elements of
flange joints are assigned on basis of the existent flanges’ field experience.
Main types of flanged joints covered by this standard are shown in figures
GOST R 52857.4 – 2007
Integral Type Flanges With a Hub Integral Type Flanges Without a Hub Loose Type Lap Joint
GOST R 52857.4 – 2007
The loads on the bolts (studs) flange connection tightening:

The design load on the bolts (studs) tightening necessary
to ensure the operating conditions of pressure
on the gasket sufficient to seal flange connections:
The design load on the bolts (studs) tightening necessary to ensure compression of the
gasket and the minimum initial tension of the bolts (studs):
- resultant load
- the stress on the gasket under operating conditions, necessary to ensure the tightness of
flanged joints
- the force required to shear the strip when tightening
- the coefficients for the flange connection
Working conditions:
- load caused by the constraint of temperature deformations

Check the strength of the bolts (studs)
The calculated stress in the bolts (studs) are calculated by the formulas:
- when tightening: - operating

GOST R 52857.4 – 2007
The design bending moment acting on the flange when tightening

The design bending moment acting on the flange under operating conditions
Based on the obtained loads are determined by stresses in components of the

flange connection and compared with allowable values.
Also checked the stiffness of the flange connection
The angle of rotation of the flange in the operating conditions :
The standard includes the calculation of the elements flange connections on

low cycle fatigue
GOST R 52857.5 – 2007
Calculation of shells and heads from influence of support loads”
Includes the strength calculation of shells and heads with local loads due to
lifting lugs, horizontal vessels on saddle supports, vertical vessels on bracket
supports, vertical vessels with supporting legs from tubes and plates.
The design in this standard bases on the “bending limit stress”. This method had
been developed in Eastern Germany, widely used in standards of COMECON and
GOST, and it has been included into EN 13445. In accordance with this method the
solution is based on theory of elasticity. Then, for an estimate of results it is used a
model of plastic strip of a shell and calculated the limit load.
Analogous method is used in par. 16 EN 13445.
For shell, supporting node, determine local acceptable efforts [F]i. The basis of
calculation of shells loaded bearing lugs, support legs or saddle supports, expected
allowable bending stress [σi].
- the operating conditions

- the mounting conditions
- depending on support
GOST R 52857.5 – 2007
Lifting lugs
The allowable load of the shell in the spot welding of a lifting lug
GOST R 52857.5 – 2007
GOST R 52857.5 – 2007
GOST R 52857.5 – 2007
Support lugs
The allowable load of the shell in the spot welding of a support lug
GOST R 52857.5 – 2007
for designs A and C:
for designs B:
for designs D:
GOST R 52857.5 – 2007
Saddle supports
The allowable load of the shell of a Saddle supports

GOST R 52857.5 – 2007
The allowable load from load in the meridional direction
The allowable load from load in the circumferential direction

GOST R 52857.5 – 2007
Support cylindrical legs
The allowable load of the shell in the spot welding of a support leg
GOST R 52857.5 – 2007
Support plate legs
The allowable loads of the shell in the spot welding of a support leg
GOST R 52857.5 – 2007
GOST R 52857.6 – 2007
Strength calculation under low-cyclic loads”
Contains the simplified method and the specified method of low-cycle fatigue
calculation. The principal approach is analogical to EN 13445.
But GOST R 52857.6 is included the curves and the formulas for titanium,
copper, aluminum and its alloys, too
GOST R 52857.6 – 2007
The condition of low-cycle strength will be performed if the amplitude of stresses

generated during operation of the vessel does not exceed the permissible stress
amplitude for a given number of cycles
The amplitude of the stresses for the loading cycle of the j-th species
GOST R 52857.6 – 2007
GOST R 52857.6 – 2007
Allowable amplitude of stress
for carbon steels

GOST R 52857.6 – 2007
low-alloy and alloy steels
austenitic steels
GOST R 52857.6 – 2007
aluminum alloys
copper steels
GOST R 52857.7 – 2007
Heat exchangers”
Includes the methods of strength calculation shall-and-tube heat exchangers,

floating heads and air-cooled heat exchangers. The analytical model of the fixed
shall-and-tube heat exchanger tubesheet is plate on elastic foundation, the same
as in the ASME Code VIII, 1, EN 13445 and other standards.
But in the solution traditionally it is used the value of perforated plate rigidity,
strength condition of the weld between tube and tubesheet and other value findings
independently during earlier realized research works.
In design of floating head it is used the same approaches as in the design of
dished heads under internal and external pressure and flange connections.
For strength calculation of the rectangular pressure vessel section of air heat
exchangers, as distinct from ASME Code VIII, 1 and EN 13445, it is used a method
based on the plastic limit analysis and low boundary of the limit load.
GOST R 52857.7 – 2007
Heat exchangers”
Design scheme
Fixed/Stationary Tube sheets
Fixed/Stationary Tube sheets with bellows expansion
Fixed/Stationary Tube sheets with the extender on the shell

GOST R 52857.7 – 2007
Heat exchangers”
U-tube
floating head
with the compensator on a floating head

GOST R 52857.8 – 2007
Jacketed vessels and Apparatus”
Contained methods of strength and low-cycle fatigue calculation the vessels with
U-jacket, cylindrical jacket, halftube jacket and other types of jackets. There is
considered loading by pressure and different thermal expansion between the
vessel and the jacket.
GOST R 52857.9 – 2007
Determination of stresses at nozzle – to – shell and head junctions under action
of pressure and external loads on the nozzle”
Contained methods of strength and low-cycle fatigue calculation the vessels with
contains formulas and diagrams for a definition of stresses, similar to those from
par.16 EN 13445-3: 2002.
GOST R 52857.10 – 2007
Vessels and apparatus involving hydrogen sulfide media”
Determines strength calculation norms for vessels from carbon and low-allow
steels, working under the temperature up to 200 C in hydrogen sulfide humid
media. The main distinction of the approach of this standard is an additional
limitation of tension stresses on surfaces contacting with hydrogen sulfide media.
Vessels and apparatus are divided on five groups, in accordance with partial
pressure of hydrogen sulfide PH2S and acidity pH. Safety factors are fixed in
accordance with an apparatus’s group (See Table ).
Group Safety factor

number PH2S pH for Yield for Tensile
Strength Strength
I PH2S ≥ 1.0 all 2 3
II ≤ 5.0 1.8 3
0.1≤ PH2S < 1.0
III > 5.0
1.6 2.6
IV 0.01≤ PH2S < 0.1 ≤ 5.0
V 0.0003≤ PH2S < 0.01 all On GOST R 52857.1
GOST R 52857.11 – 2007
“Vessels and apparatus. Norms and methods of strength calculation. Method of
strength calculation of shells and heads according to weld misalignment,
angular misalignment and shell nonroundness”
Fixes norms and methods of static strength calculation, instability calculation

and low-cycle fatigue calculation of vessels and apparatus, with accordance of
deviation from right geometric shape: general and local nonroundness weld and
angular misalignments.
GOST R 52857.12 – 2007
“Vessels and apparatus. Norms and methods of strength calculation
Requirements for representation of the strength calculations carried out on the
computer”
This brief standard regulates main requirements for software and forms of
calculations’ presentation. Main requirements are the exact correspondence of
software with GOSTs R 52857.1-11 and a detailed printout, which allows verifying
of any results of calculation.
TRUBOPROVOD
Piping Systems Research & Engineering Co
THANK YOU FOR YOUR

ATTENTION!
Head of Department of strength,

Ph. D. Andrew Krasnokutsky
krasnokutsky@truboprovod.ru
passat@truborovod.ru
http://www.truboprovod.ru

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GOST R 52857(1-12) – 2007

“Vessels and apparatus.

The 33 previously existing document:

GOST R 52857.6-2007. “Vessels and apparatus. Norms and methods of strength

Includes list of loadings and other conditions shall be considered at design,

Design by analysis in GOST R 52857.1 based on stresses calculated on an

When calculating the external pressure it is important buckling, which depends in

The design length of the smooth shell

Allowable external pressure

- allowable external pressure based on

- allowable external pressure based from

Similar shells are calculated from the loads.

Shells loaded by axial compressive force

- allowable axial compressive force

- allowable bending moment from the condition of strength;

- allowable bending moment from the buckling are

Shells loaded by shear forces Q :

- allowable shear forces from the condition of strength;

- allowable shear forces from the buckling are

elliptical hemispherical torispherical

external pressure - as elliptical head at the

- allowable pressure from the strength of marginal areas;

- allowable pressure from the strength of central areas.

Flat heads and covers

Flat heads and covers radial ribs

Cones and conical heads

Compensation cut section fitting arbitrary shape

- maximum length of nozzle outside the shell for reinforcement;

- maximum length of nozzle inside the shell for reinforcement;

Used semi-empirical relations for determination of allowable loads from

strength condition with the joint action of load:

The loads on the bolts (studs) flange connection tightening:

- load caused by the constraint of temperature deformations

- when tightening: - operating

The design bending moment acting on the flange when tightening

Based on the obtained loads are determined by stresses in components of the

The standard includes the calculation of the elements flange connections on

- the operating conditions

for designs A and C:

The allowable load of the shell of a Saddle supports

The allowable load from load in the meridional direction

The allowable load from load in the circumferential direction

Support cylindrical legs

Support plate legs

The condition of low-cycle strength will be performed if the amplitude of stresses

Allowable amplitude of stress

for carbon steels

low-alloy and alloy steels

Includes the methods of strength calculation shall-and-tube heat exchangers,

Fixed/Stationary Tube sheets

Fixed/Stationary Tube sheets with bellows expansion

Fixed/Stationary Tube sheets with the extender on the shell

with the compensator on a floating head

Group Safety factor

Fixes norms and methods of static strength calculation, instability calculation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR

Head of Department of strength,

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