By Group-5

Climate Change Impacts

As per WMO( world meteorological organization)- 2015 was the warmest year(2300
people died in India)
- Avg temp in May-June 39°C.
-Its was due to El-Nino and warming caused by GHGS.
-Increase of Anthropogenic emissions Since IR.
• Five Pacific islands lost due to rising seas- Solomon Islands, and Nuatambu
Islands etc.
• According to International Energy Agency(IEA), in 2015
- Concentration of CO2 was 40% high than mid 1800s.
- Energy Sector is the Largest contributor to GHGs.
- CO2 emissions from combustion of fuel have the largest share.
 Introduction
• Due to human activities, the green house gases have increased to such a level that
it has threatened our very existence.
• With due concern of the fate of mankind, 196 countries had gathered in Paris for an
universal agreement to work together towards restricting the rise in temperature.
• Conference of the Parties (COP 21) took place in the outskirts of capital city of
France at Le Bourget. COP is held under the UN Body, UNFCCC.
• It was held from 30th November 2015 to 12th December 2015. Each leader of the country
expressed their concerns regarding the rise in temperature.
• About UNFCCC
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.A global legal
instrument(international agreement) on the control and management of GHGs.
• it currently has participation of 189 parties.
• It contains 2 annexes:
Annex 1: Countries with obligations to take measures to mitigate the effects of
climate change.
Annex 2: Countries with obligations to provide financing to developing countries for
their obligations under UNFCCC
 Paris Agreement-2015

The Paris Agreement is an agreement within the United Nations

Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), dealing with
greenhouse-gas-emissions mitigation, adaptation, and finance,
starting in the year 2020.
As of March 2019, 195 UNFCCC members have signed the agreement, and
185 have become party to it.
Aim and Special Features
• Main Focus is to hold temp well below 2°C above pre-industrial level and
on driving efforts to limit it even further below 1.5°C.
• Comprises 29 Articles and is supported by 139 decisions of the COP.
• Identified as comprehensive and balanced agreement
• Bottom-up Approach followed( By asking individual countries
regarding their contributions in reducing GHG)
• Others were Top-down Approach(KP) in which each country got Target.
IMPORTANT POINTS IN THE
AGREEMENT

• Differentiation
• Long-Term Goal
• Mitigation
• Carbon Markets
• Transparency and Support
• Finance
• Adaptation
• Loss and Damage
Differentiation
•The agreement includes references to developed and developing countries, stating in several places that the former
should take the lead.
•Many provisions establish common commitments while allowing flexibility to accommodate different national capacities
and circumstances – either through self-differentiation or implicit in the concept of nationally determined contributions,
or through more detailed operational rules still to be developed.
Long-Term Goal
The agreement reaffirms the goal of keeping average warming below 2 degree Celsius, while also urging parties to
“pursue efforts” to limit it to 1.5 degree Celsius, a top priority for developing countries highly vulnerable to climate
impacts.
Mitigation
•With respect to countries’ individual mitigation efforts, the agreement prescribes a set of binding procedural
commitments:
•To “prepare, communicate and maintain” a NDC (Nationally Determined Contributions)
•To provide information necessary for clarity and transparency; and to communicate a new NDC every five years.
•It also sets the expectation that each successive NDC will “represent a progression” beyond the previous one and reflect
a party’s “highest possible ambition.”
 Carbon Markets
•While avoiding any direct reference to the use of market based approaches – a
concession to a handful of countries that oppose them – the agreement recognizes that
parties may use internationally transferred mitigation outcomes to implement their
NDCs.
•It requires that parties engaging in such transfers ensure the “avoidance of double
counting,” consistent with accounting guidelines for NDCs to be developed.
Transparency and Support
•All countries are required to submit emissions inventories and the “information
necessary to track progress made in implementing and achieving” their NDCs.
•The COP decision says that, with the exception of least developed and small island
countries, these reports are to be submitted at least every two years.
•In addition, developed countries “shall” report on support provided; developing
countries “should” report on support received; and all “should” report on their
adaptation efforts.
Loss and Damage
•The mechanism, established as an interim body at COP 19, is charged with developing
approaches to help vulnerable countries cope with unavoidable impacts, including
extreme weather events and slow-onset events such as sea-level rise.
•At the insistence of developed countries, led by the United States, the accompanying
COP decision specifies that the loss and damage provision “does not involve or provide
a basis for any liability or compensation.”
 Finance
•The agreement commits developed countries to provide finance for mitigation and
adaptation in developing countries (“in continuation of their existing obligations
under the Convention,” a stipulation sought by the United States so the agreement
would not create new binding financial commitments requiring congressional
approval).
“Other” parties are “encouraged” to provide such support “voluntarily.” The COP
decision extends the
$100 billion-a-year goal through 2025, and beyond that, says only that by 2025 the
COP will set a "new collective quantified goal from a floor of $100 billion a
year".
•Biennially, developed countries should report the status of their help to
developing countries in terms of climate finance, and mitigation and adaption.
•Global stockstake should collect the information regarding the dealings of
climate finance.
•The report submitted by developed countries should be transparent and consistent.
•In the context of national climate strategies and plans of least developed or
developing countries, The Financial Mechanism of the Convention should aim to
ensure easy approval procedures and ready support.
 Views of Environmentalists
“The Paris agreement is weak and unambitious, as it does not include any
meaningful targets for developed countries to reduce their emissions.”

“As it does not operationalize equity and the term carbon budget didn’t
even find mention in the text, this will end up furthering climate
apartheid.”

“While India should certainly do its part, it is important that these

mechanisms keep pressure on developed countries for more ambitious actions,
to allow countries like India the carbon space to meet our development
needs.
Views of Civil Society
“More immediate steps are needed for the said ambitious action to
fight the climate change.”
“It is a weak agreement where rich countries do not do their fair
shares of emissions cuts, or provide their fair share of finance
for energy transformation and adaptation for developing countries.”
“It fails to address the structures of injustice and inequality which have
caused the climate crisis and hold the historical polluters sufficiently to
account.”
Group-5:
Tanmay Pal (18JE0871)
Tanushree Sinha (18JE0872)
Tanya Sharma (18JE0873)
Tejaswi Yadamreddy (18JE0876)
Namrita Tellapuram (18JE0877)
Aakash Thokala (18JE0878)