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P0ROSITY
RESERVOIR ROCK
PROPERTIES
Part of the total porous rock volume which is
not occupied by rock grains or fine mud
rock, acting as cement between grain
particles.
POROSITY
Storage capacity of medium
An exclusive rock property
Expressed in Fraction or %
Statistical property based on
the rock volume*.
Used for resave estimate.
Effects hydrocarbon recovery
* If the selected volume is too small the calculated
porosity can deviate greatly from the true value
* If the volume is too large the porosity may deviate
from the real value due to the influence of
heterogeneity.
Physically following types of porosity can be
distinguished:
• Inter granular porosity.
• Fracture porosity.
• Micro-porosity.
• Vugular porosity.
• Intra granular porosity.
Utility wise following types of porosity can be
distinguished:
• Absolute Porosity • Effective Porosity
Characteristics of Porous Media
Geometric character of rock
•inter granular – intra granular
•fractured.
Mechanical properties of rock
•consolidated
•unconsolidated
Heterogeneity
14.08.2014
Models of Porous Media
Idealized Porous Medium
1. Represented by Parallel Cylindrical Pores*
12.08.2014
where r is the pipe radius and m·n is the number of cylinders contained in the bulk volume.
2. Represented by Regular Cubic-Packed Spheres
In situ Surface
Core Analysis
Well Logs
POROSITY DETERMINATION
FROM LOGS
The basic setup of logging process
A wire line truck with a spool of logging
cable is setup so that the measuring equipment
can be lowered into the wellbore.
The logging tools measure different
properties, such as spontaneous potential and
formation resistivity, and the equipment is
brought to the surface.
The information is processed by a
computer in the logging vehicle, and is
interpreted by an Formation engineer or
geologist.
OPENHOLE LOG EVALUATION
Well Log
SP Resistivity
Interpretation
A decrease in radioactivity from the
gamma ray log could indicate the
presence of a sandstone formation.
An increase in resistivity may indicate
the presence of hydrocarbons.
An increase in a porosity log might
indicate that the formation has porosity
and is permeable.
POROSITY DETERMINATION BY LOGGING
Shale
Oil sand
Shale
Essential Requirements
• Formation lithology
• Nature of the Fluid in pores.
Density log, the neutron log*,
and the sonic logs do not
measure porosity. Rather,
porosity is calculated from
measurements such as electron
density, hydrogen index and
sonic travel time.
* A precallibrated Neutron log directly provides
limestone porososity in carbonates.
CORES
• Allow direct measurement of reservoir
properties
• Used to correlate indirect measurements,
such as wire line/LWD logs
• Used to test compatibility of injection fluids
• Used to predict borehole stability
• Used to estimate probability of formation
failure and sand production
ESTIMATING POROSITY FROM
CORE ANALYSIS
► Following equation is used:
Method:
Without a sample using the piston,
mercury is pushed to mark, indicated on the reference valve (V).
The vernier of the pump is set at zero.
With the sample in place, the mercury is again pushed to same
mark. The vernier of the pump is read and the volume VT is
obtained.
The measurement is only valid if mercury does not
penetrate into the pores.
The accuracy is ± 0.01 cm3.
(c) Measurement:
The foregoing methods are unsuitable if the rock
contains fissures or macro pores, because
mercury will penetrate into them.
Here a piece of cylindrical core’s diameter “d”
and height “h” can be measured using sliding
caliper:
B. Measurement of VS
Measurement of the buoyancy exerted on the sample by
a solvent with which it is saturated. VS by immersion method
4 4,5
2 6
3
1
1
3
2
(1) VP = Vw + VO + VG
(1) Sw + SO + SG = 100%
m
3
Formation
Resistivity
Factor :
is also greatly
effected by
over burden
pressure and
in turn with
POROSITY.
POROSITY AVERAGING
1
If the Bedding planes show large variations in
porosity vertically then arithmetic average porosity
2
The thickness - weighted average porosity is used
to describe the average reservoir porosity.
3
If porosity in one portion of the reservoir to be
greatly different from that in another area due to
sedimentation conditions, the areal weighted
average
4
The volume-weighted average porosity is used to
characterize the average rock porosity.
MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS
1. Zone Analysis
Histogram
2. Reservoir Simulation
Simulation of fluid flow
in porous media,
require a realistic
picture of the rock
porosity
The grouping of
porosity data according
to the reservoir zones, Trends of porosity
depth variation or distribution in the
graphical co-ordination, depth profiles of
yield spatial trends. two reservoir sand
stone.
3. Sediment compaction
Mechanical digenesis
(compaction)/ chemical
digenesis (cementation)
have a profound effect
on a sedimentary rock’s
porosity. This burial
effect is illustrated by
the two typical
Examples of sand and
clay deposits,
4. Exploration leads
Development of a bulk and realistic
picture of the reservoir to evaluate -
Early Reserves Estimates Exploration
leads Expected Recoveries, well
treatments , IOR and EOR
Boundaries of
Sand ridges are
shown as separate
units / porosity
zones - numbered
as zone 1 , zone2,
zone3 and zone 4,
indicating their
areal extent.
REMARKS
Rock at reservoir conditions is subject to overburden
pressure stresses, while the core recovered at surface
tends to be stress relived; therefore laboratory
determined porosity values are generally expected to
be higher than in-situ values.
If ΦR represent porosity at reservoir condition, ΦL be
porosity at reservoir condition, rock compressibility as
Cp (V/V/psi) and net overburden pressure as ∆PN ( over
burden pressure – fluid pressure) psi; then we may
use the following relation:
RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
ROCK POROSITY
EXERCISES
Example 1
The grain volume of rock sample of
1.5” dia and 5.6 cm length was found
to be 56.24 cc and bulk volume of the
sample using mercury displacement
method was measured 73.80 cc.
If dry weight of the sample is149.88
gms, find the grain density. Calculate
the pore volume and porosity of the
sample.
SOLUTION -1
Pore volume
= 7758 AhΦ bbl.
=7758 x 20,000 x 100 x 35/100
=54306 x 105 bbl.
Example – 7
An oil reservoir exists at its bubble-point
pressure of 3000 psia and temperature of
160°F. The oil has an API gravity of 42° and
gas-oil ratio of 600 scf/STB. The specific
gravity of the solution gas is 0.65. The
following additional data are also available
• Reservoir area = 640 acres
• Average thickness = 10 ft
• Connate water saturation = 0.25
• Effective porosity = 15%
Calculate the initial oil in place in STB.
SOLUTION - 7
Step 1. Determine the specific gravity of the
stock-tank oil as 0.8156
4100
Density
correction
4200
Caliper
DENSITY LOGS: PRINCIPLE
Bulk density, b, is dependent upon:
–Lithology
–Porosity
–Density and saturation*of fluids in
pores
* Saturation is fraction of pore
volume occupied by a particular
fluid
BULK DENSITY
Bulk density varies with lithology
–Sandstone 2.65 g/cc
–Limestone 2.71 g/cc
–Dolomite 2.87 g/cc
b ma 1 f
Fluids in
Matrix flushed zone
POROSITY FROM DENSITY LOG
Porosity equation
ma b
ma f
Fluid density equation
Where
f mf Sxo h 1 Sxo
mf is the mud filtrate density, g/cc
h is the hydrocarbon density, g/cc
Sxo is the saturation of the flush/zone, decimal
Long spacing
detector
Short spacing
detector
Source
Efficiency
1. Minimizing the influence of the mud column
i) Source and detector, mounted on a skid,
are shielded
ii) The openings of the shields are applied
against the wall of the borehole by means
of an eccentering arm
2. A correction for due to mal instrument contact
and formation or roughness of the borehole wall
The use of two detectors is advisable to over come
this problem.
3. Account for all of the effects of borehole breakouts,
washouts, and rugosity
Working equation (hydrocarbon zone)
ma b
d
ma f
d = Porosity from density log, fraction
ma = Density of formation matrix, g/cm3
b = Bulk density from log measurement,
g/cm3
f = Density of fluid in rock pores, g/cm3
hc = Density of hydrocarbons in rock pores,
g/cm3
mf = Density of mud filtrate, g/cm3
sh = Density of shale, g/cm3
Vsh = Volume of shale, fraction
Sxo = Mud filtrate saturation in zone invaded
by mud filtrate, fraction
BULK DENSITY LOG: EXAMPLE
001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC RHOC DT
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SPC SNC CNLLC
-160 MV 40 0.2 200 0.45 -0.15
ACAL MLLCF
6 16 0.2 200
RHOC
10700
1.95 2.95
10800
Bulk Density
10900
Log
2 NEUTRON LOG
Uses a radioactive source to
bombard the formation with
neutrons
For a given formation,
amount of hydrogen in the
formation (i.e. hydrogen
index) impacts the number of
neutrons that reach the
receiver
A large hydrogen index
implies a large liquid-filled
TOOL porosity (oil or water)
PRINCIPLE
• Logging tool emits high energy neutrons into
formation.
• Neutrons collide with nuclei of formation’s atoms
• Neutrons lose energy (velocity) with each collision of
hydrogen atom.
• The most energy is lost when colliding with a
hydrogen atom nucleus
• Neutrons are slowed sufficiently to be captured
by nuclei.
• Capturing nuclei become excited and emit
gamma rays
ACTIVITIES
1. Depending on type of logging tool either
gamma rays or non-captured neutrons are
recorded
2. Log records porosity based on neutrons
captured by formation
3. If hydrogen is in pore space, porosity is
related to the ratio of neutrons emitted to
those counted as captured
REMARKS
EXAMPLE
10800
lithology is
sandstone
10900
Neutron
Log
or
dolomite
3 ACOUSTIC (SONIC) LOG
These logs are usually borehole
compensated (BHC) where in effects at
hole size changes as well as errors due
to sonde tilt is substantially reduced..
system uses two transmitters, one above
and one below a pair of sonic receivers
Lower
transmitter
BHC METHODOLOGY
tL t ma
s
t f t ma
s = Porosity calculated from sonic
log reading, fraction
tL = Travel time reading from
log, microseconds/ft
tma = Travel time in matrix,
microseconds/ft
tf = Travel time in fluid,
microseconds/ ft
EXAMPLE: ACOUSTIC (SONIC) LOG
GR DT
0 API 200 140 USFT 40
CALIX SPHI
6 IN 16 30 % 10
4100
Sonic travel time
Gamma
Ray
Sonic
porosity
4200
Caliper
SONIC LOG:TIME RESPONSE
The response can be written as follows:
t log t ma 1 t f
tlog t ma
t f t ma
tlog = log reading, sec/ft
tma = the matrix travel time, sec/ft
tf = the fluid travel time, sec/ft
= porosity
SONIC LOG
CHARACTERISTICS
10800
Sonic
Log
10900
FACTORS AFFECTING SONIC
LOG RESPONSE
• Unconsolidated formations
• Naturally fractured formations
• Hydrocarbons (especially gas)
• Salt sections
LET IT BE KNOWN