Chapter four

Electric Power Systems protection

Generation Transmission Distribution Consumption

M
G

Generation Transmission Distribution Load

SUBSTATION EQUIPMENTS
 Transformers
 Reactors
 Circuit Breaker
 Current Transformers
 Capacitive Voltage Transformers
 Isolators
 Lightning Arrestors
 Wave Trap
 Battery system
 Auxiliary power supply
For proper operation power system has to
have the following.
 Protection
 Monitoring
 Control
 Communication
Protection


 The main task for Relay Protection

U I • Protect people and property

around the power system

• Protect equipment, lines etc..

C
E in the power system

• Separate the faulty part from

the rest of the power system

© ABB Group
April 15, 2019 | Slide 6
K
 Fault Clearance System

Protection System

CT Circuit Breaker

Circuit
Protection Breaker
VT Trip
Equipment Mecha-
Coil
nism
TE

DC-System
Requirement for protection system
Characteristics of generating units
 y x
1250 41
1380 54
1425 63
1425 54
1450 48
1300 46
1400 62
1510 61
1575 64
1650 71
The goal of economic dispatch is to determine the
generation dispatch that minimizes the instantaneous
operating cost, subject to the constraint that total
generation = total load + losses
m
Minimize CT  Ci ( PGi )
i 1
Such that
m
 PGi  PD  PLosses
i 1
 Initially we'll ignore generator limits and the losses

For the economic dispatch we have a minimization

constrained with a single equality constraint
m m
L(PG ,  )   Ci ( PGi )   ( PD   PGi ) (no losses)
i 1 i 1
The necessary conditions for a minimum are
L(PG ,  ) dCi ( PGi )
    0 (for i  1 to m)
PGi dPGi
m
PD   PGi  0
i 1