1 Metamorphic Rocks

 A metamorphic rock forms when any preexisting rock

is altered by heating, increased pressure, or tectonic
deformation
2 Rock Cycle
 All rocks change slowly from one of the three rock
types to another. This continuous process is called the
Rock Cycle.
  An extrusive igneous rock forms when magma erupts
and solidifies on the Earth’s surface. Because extrusive
3 rocks are so commonly associated with volcanoes,
they are also called volcanic rocks
 An intrusive igneous rock forms when magma solidifies
within the crust.

Granite Rhyolite
4
5

Three factors contribute to melting of

the asthenosphere and production of
magma at a subduction zone:
Pressure-release (1) Friction heats rocks in the
melting occurs subduction zone
in a rising mantle (2) water rises from oceanic crust on
vplume, and top of the subducting plate
magma rises to (3) circulation in the asthenosphere
form a volcanic decreases pressure on hot rock.
hot spot.
6 Plate Boundaries
7

A pluton is a mass of intrusive igneous rock.

 A batholith is a pluton with
more than 100 square
8
kilometers exposed at the
Earth’s surface.

A stock is similar to a
batholith but has a
smaller surface area.
9
A dike cuts across the
grain of country rock.

A sill is parallel to the

grain, or layering, of
country rock.
10

A basalt dike crosscutting sedimentary rock in Grand Canyon.

11

A large dike in central Colorado has been left standing after

softer sandstone country rock eroded away. (Ward’s Natural
Science Establishment, Inc.)
12

A basaltic sill has intruded between sedimentary rock

layers on Mt. Gould in Glacier National Park, Montana. The
white rock above and below the sill was metamorphosed
by heat from the magma. (Breck P. Kent)
13

A car buried in lava, Hawaii

14

Two vents in the crater of Marum volcano, Vanuatu.

 (a) When granitic magma rises to within a few kilometers
of the Earth’s surface, it stretches and fractures
overlying rock. Gas separates from the magma and
15 rises to the upper part of the magma body.
(b) The gas-rich magma explodes
(b) through fractures, rising as a
vertical column of hot ash, rock
fragments, and gas.
(c)

(d)

(c) When the gas is used up, the

column collapses and spreads
outward as a high-speed ash flow.
(d) Because so much material has erupted
from the top of the magma chamber, the
16 Sedimentary Rock
17 TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
 Clastic sedimentary
 Sandstone, Conglomerate and Breccia etc

 Organic sedimentary rocks

 Coal , Chert

 Chemical sedimentary rocks

 Limestone

 Bioclastic sedimentary rocks

 Coquina