AMT 111

Fundamental of Aero
Math
Midterm Period
 Chapter IV
• THE AREA OF SIMPLE FIGURES
• The length of any object can be measured
with a rule It is impossible, however, to
measure area so directly and simply as that. In
the following pages, you will meet geometrical
shapes like those in Fig. 65.
 Units of Area
• Would you measure the area of a small piece of
metal in square miles? Would you measure the
area of a field in square inches? The unit used in
measuring area depends on the kind of work
being done. Memorize this table:
• TABLE 2. AREA
• 144 square inches = 1 square foot (sq. ft.)
• 9 square feet = 1 square yard (sq. yd.)
• 640 acres = 1 square mile (sq. mi.)
• 4,840 square yards = 1 acre
 Examples:
1. How many square inches are there in
• 3 sq. ft.?
• 1 sq. yd.?
1
• sq. ft.?
2
1
• 2 sq. yd.?
4
2. How many square feet are there in
• 4 sq. yd.?
• 1 sq. mile?
• 1 acre?
• Each of these shapes will require a separate
formula and some arithmetic before its area
can be found. You should know these formulas
as well as you know how to use a rule. A
mechanic should also know that these are the
cross sectional shapes of most common
objects, such as nails, beams, rivets, sheet
metal, etc.
 The Rectangle
• A. Area. The rectangle is the cross-sectional
shape of many beams, fittings, and other
common objects.
 A Few Facts about the Rectangle
• 1. Opposite sides are equal to each other.
• 2. All four angles are right angles.
• 3. The sum of the angles is 360.
• 4. The line joining opposite corners is called a
diagonal.

• Formula: A = L X W
where A = area of a rectangle.
L = length.
W = width.
 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
• Find the area of a rectangle whose length is 14
in. and whose width is 3 in.
• Given: L = 14 in.
W = 3 in.
Find: Area
A=LXW
A = 14 in. X 3 in.
A = 42 sq. in. Ans.
 Find the area of these rectangles:
• 1. L = 45 in., W = 16.5 in.
1
• 2. L = 25 in., W = 5 in.
8
• 3. W = 3.75 in., L = 4.25 in.
3 1
• 4. L = 3 ft., W = 2 ft.
4 2
 Quiz no. 1
1. How many square yards are there in
• 5 square miles?
• l,000sq. ft.?
• 60 acres?
2.Find the area then express it into sq. ft.
1
L= 15 in., W = 3 in.
2
3. Find the area then express it into sq. in.
7 1
L = 4 ft., W= 3 ft.
8 5
 B. Length and Width. :
• To find the length or the width, use one of the
following formulas
𝐴 𝐴
• Formulas: L = W=
𝑊 𝐿
• where L = length.
A = area.
W = width.
• The area of a rectangular piece of sheet metal
1
is 20 sq. ft. its width is 2 ft. What is its
2
length?
• Given: A = 20 sq. ft.
1
• W= 2 ft
2
• Find: Length
𝐴
• L=
𝑊
 Mathematical Shorthand: Squaring a
Number
• A long time ago you learned some mathematical
shorthand, -for instance, + (read "plus") is
shorthand for add; (read "minus") is shorthand
for subtract. Another important shorthand
symbol in mathematics is the small number two
(2) written near the top of a number: 52 (read "5
squared") means 5 X 5; 72 (read "7 squared")
means 7X7. You will find this shorthand very
valuable in working with the areas of circles,
squares, and other geometrical figures.
 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
• What is
• a. (9)2 ?
• b (3.5)2 ?
3 2
• c ( )
2
 Introduction to Square Root
• The following squares were learned from the
last job.
 The Square

• A. The Area of a Square. The square is really a

special kind of rectangle where all sides are
equal in length
 A Few Facts about the Square

• 1. All four sides have the same length.

• 2. All four angles are right angles.
• 3. The sum of the angles is 360.
• 4. A line joining two opposite corners is called
a diagonal.
• Formula: A = 𝑠 2 = S X S
where S means the side of the square.
 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
1
• Find the area of a square whose side is 5 in.
2
1
• Given : S = 5 in.
2
• A = 𝑠2
1
• A= 5 in2
2
11 11
• A= X
2 2
121 1
• A= = 30 𝑠𝑞. 𝑖𝑛.
4 4
 Find the area of these squares:
1
• 1. side = 2 𝑖𝑛.
4
1
• 2. side = 5 𝑓𝑡.
8
• 3. side = 3.25 in.
 B. The Side of a Square
• .To find the side of a square, use the following
formula
• Formula: S = 𝐴
where
S = side
A = area of the square
 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
• A mechanic has been told that he needs a
square beam whose cross-sectional area is
6. 5 sq. in. What are the dimensions of this
beam?
Given: A = 6.25 sq. in.
Find: Side
S= 𝐴
S = 6.25
S = 2.5 in.
Check: A = 𝑠 2 = 2.5 X 2.5 = 6.25 sq. in.
 Find the square root of the area.
• Examples:
• Find to the nearest tenth, the side of a square
whose area is
• 1. 47.50 sq. in.
• 2. 24.80 sq. ft.
• 3. 8.750 sq. in.
• 4. 34.750 sq. yd.
 Quiz no. 2
• 1. A square piece of sheet metal measures 4
ft. 6 in. on a side. Find the surface area in (a)
square inches; (6) square feet.
• 2. A family decides to buy linoleum at $.55 a
square yard. What would it cost to cover a
square floor measuring 12 ft. on a side?
• 3. Find the area of these squares:
• Side 3.14 ft.
 The Circle

• A. The Area of a Circle. The circle is the cross-

sectional shape of wires, round rods, bolts,
rivets, etc.
 Circle Formula
• Formula: A = 0.7854 X 𝐷 2
• where A = Area of circle
• 𝐷2 = D x D
• D = Diameter
 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
• Find the area of a circle whose diameter is
3 in.
• Given: D = 3 in.
• Find: A
• A = 0.7854 X 𝐷 2
• A = 0.7854 X 3 X 3
• A = 0.7854 X 9
• A = 7.0686 sq. in
 Examples:
• Find the area of the circle whose diameter is
• 1. 4 in.
1
• 2. ft.
2
• 3. 5 in.
1
• 4.3 ft.
2
• Diameter and Radius. The diameter of a circle
can be found if the area is known, by using
this formula:

𝐴
• Formula: D =
0.7854
• where D = diameter.
• A = area.
 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE

• Find the diameter of a round bar whose cross-

sectional area is 3.750 sq. in
• Given: A = 3.750 sq. in.
• Find : Diameter
3.750 𝑠𝑞.𝑖𝑛
• D=
0.7854
• D= 4.7746
• D = 2.18 in
 Quiz no. 3
• Complete this table
 The Triangle
• So far we have studied the rectangle, the
square, and the circle. The triangle is another
simple geometric figure often met on the job.
• A Few Facts about the Triangle
1. A triangle has only three sides.
2. The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180.
• 3. A triangle having one right angle is called a
right triangle.
• 4. A triangle having all sides of the same
length is called an equilateral triangle.
• 5. A triangle having two equal sides is called
an isosceles triangle.
• The area of any triangle can be found by using
this formula:
• Formula
• A =l/2 X b X a
• where
• b = the base.
• a = the altitude.
 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
• Find the area of a triangle whose base is 7 in.
long and whose altitude is 3 in.
• Given:
• b=7
• a=3
1
• A= XbXa
2
1
• A= X7X3
2
21 1
• A= = 10 sq. in.
2 2
 Examples:
• 1. Find the area of a triangle whose base is 8
in. and whose altitude is 5 in.
• 2. A triangular piece of sheet metal has a base
1
of 16 in. and a height of 5 in. What is its
2
area?
• 3. What is the area of a triangle whose base is
1
3 ft. and whose altitude is 2 ft. 3 in.?
2
 QUIZ no. 4
Find the area of the following triangles
• 1. What is the area of the top of a piston
7
whose diameter is 4 in. ?
8
3
• 2. What is the cross-sectional area of a in.
8
aluminum rivet ?
• 3. Find the area in square inches of a circle
whose radius is 1 ft.
 The Trapezoid
• The trapezoid often appears as the shape of
various parts of sheet-metal jobs, as the top
view of an airplane wing, as the cross section
of spars, and in many other connections.
 A Few Facts about the Trapezoid
• 1. A trapezoid has four sides.
• 2. Only one pair of opposite sides is parallel.
These sides are called the bases.

• 3. The perpendicular distance between the

bases is called the altitude.
• Formula: A = l/2 X a X (𝑏1 + 𝑏2 )
• where a = the altitude.
• 𝑏1 = one base.
• 𝑏2 = the other base.
 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
• Find the area of a trapezoid whose altitude is 6 in.
and whose bases are 9 in. and 7 in.
• Given: a = 6 in.
• 𝑏1 = 7 in.
• 𝑏2 = 9 in.

• A = l/2 X a X (𝑏1 + 𝑏2 )
• A = 1/2 X 6 X (7 + 9)
• A = 1/2 x 6 X 16
• A 48 sq. in.
 Quiz no.5
• 1. Find the area of a trapezoid whose altitude
is 10 in, and whose bases are 15 in. and 12 in.
• 2. Find the area of a trapezoid whose parallel
sides are 1 ft. 3 in. and 2 ft. 6 in. and whose
altitude is 6 in. Express your answer in (a)
square feet (b) square inches.
• 3. Find the area of a trapezoid whose altitude
is 32 in, and whose bases are 22 in. and 32 in.