Topic 8 Issue

TOPIC 8
Issues Relating to
Primary School
Assessment
in Malaysia
Learning Outcome
 Understand current trends of the assessment in Malaysia.

 Discuss the examination-oriented education system.
 Explain the elements of higher order thinking skills
(HOTS) in the assessment.
 Describe school-based assessments, authentic
assessment, online assessment and international
assessment instruments.
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© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2016 1– 3
Current Trends of the Assessment in
Malaysian School
 Latest trends : Efforts to reduce the emphasis on

summative assessments. Focus given more towards
formative assessments.
 Emphasis on the elements of HOTS, school-based
assessments (SBA/PBS) and authentic assessments.
 Introduction and expanding online assessment.
 Increase student's knowledge and skills in order to
compete globally.

Examination-Oriented
Education System
 The education system in Malaysia, is exam-oriented.

 Excellence is likened to the number of 'A' grades
obtained in public examinations. The more 'A' grades are
obtained by the student, the student is thought to be
wise/intelligent.
 All things in school that involve administrative affairs,
teaching and so on rely on exams.

Examination-Oriented Education
System (cont…)
 The examination-oriented education system is not in

line with the National Education Philosophy aimed at
generating a comprehensive and integrated individual.
 Summative public examinations should not have any
negative impact on students. However, today's public
examinations do not test all the skills that are desired in
the national education system.

Higher-Order Thinking Skill (HOTS)
Elements in Assessment
 Most exam questions can be answered by recalled solely.

Students only need to memorize the contents of the
subject and then rewrite any memorable facts during
answering the exam questions.
 Employers are questioning the quality of a person as a
result of the national education system as local graduates
are now lacking in the soft skills aspects such as high-
level thinking skills.

Higher-Order Thinking Skill (HOTS)
Elements in Assessment (cont…)
 KPM has taken several steps aimed at transforming the

country's education system:
 Send out selected KPM officers overseas to undergo
thinking skills training
 The establishment of smart schools in the 1990s
 Revise national examinations and school-based
assessments to increase percentage of questions to
assess higher-order thinking skills
 Reduce the number of multiple choice questions and add
open-ended questions

School-based Assessment
 The Cabinet meeting dated 17 December 2010 has

decided to implement School Based Assessment
(SBA/PBS) as part of the Education Transformation
Program.
 Among the objectives of PBS implementation:
 In line with the teaching and learning process
 Able to measure the potential and achievement of
students
 Can improve student academic performance as it is an
assessment of learning
(cont…)
 However, the implementation of PBS has raised several

problems:
 PBS is an addition to the task; teachers need to plan for
assessment as they plan for teaching.
 Teachers should monitor the progress of each student
during the teaching and learning process throughout the
year.
 Teachers are forced to enter students’ PBS scores into
online computer systems. This system is too slow and
difficult to access.

(cont…)
 Teachers : lack of knowledge and skills in student

assessment.
 Parents are unhappy with PBS because they do not
understand it and do not know the real achievement
of their children.
 Parents are somewhat suspicious of grade-level
credentials given by teachers as well as teacher
experience and skills to assess students in a
formative manner.

(cont…)
 Due to the concern of the Ministry of Education on the difficulties faced

by teachers in implementing the PBS system, improvements have
been made in 2014 through the circulars of the Exam Board:
 Teachers can assess the progress of pupils' learning and record
their level of performance according to the suitability of their own
time and method.
 Teachers are no longer burdened with data collection tasks and
evident of the work of students.
 Teachers do not need to fill the student's data through SPPBS
online.

Authentic Assessment
 A key argument raised to use authentic assessments is

the advantage of authentic assessment in testing
students' abilities and capabilities compared to
traditional assessments.
Other major arguments say that the skills tested in
traditional assessments often have nothing to do with
student life after school (Resnick, 1987).
This makes traditional assessments less meaningful
and less valid.

Authentic Assessment (cont…)
 Advantages of authentic assessment:

 Allowing meaningful engagement involves such as projects,
experiments, oral presentations, reports and others
 Requires students using high-level thinking skills
 Can be provided for individual students
 Provides opportunities for students in metacognition and
self-assessment
 Encourage education best practices
 Encourage the creation of new knowledge rather than
restating knowledge

Authentic Assessment (cont…)
 Authentic assessment weaknesses:

 Weak in terms of scoring; assignments-scoring is too
subjective
 Authentic assessments are weak in terms of "authentic"
labels; What is authenticity?
 The types of assessment that have been categorized as
authentic are sometimes not necessarily authentic
 Teachers face problems in aligning performance criteria,
scoring scores and assessment records

Online Asessment
 Advantages of online assessment:

 Ideal for formative assessment; permits the student to get a
quick test or exercise decision
 Teachers can save time in the aspect of explanation and
marking of test scripts
 Students get flexibility in terms of places and time to take the
test
 Tests can be administered more frequently and this is
especially suitable for assessment as learning and
assessment for learning
 Environment friendly because this assessment mode does
not use a lot of resources
Online Asessment (cont…)
 Weaknesses of online assessment:

 Requires easy access to computers and networking, so it is
less appropriate in remote areas where the electricity is
unpredictable, areas without electricity or a place where
access to the internet is difficult
 Fraud
 Require teachers and students efficiency and efficacy with
the use of computers and software
 It will only work when both teachers and students are
committed to it
 Lack of human touch value

International Assessment Instrument
 According to KPM, the Malaysian students performance can not rely

solely on public examinations within the country. Assessment also
needs to be based on an international assessment instrument.
 This is because:
 We need to ensure that the country's education system is
moving in line with the development of international education.
 There is some evidence that there is no alignment between
public exams and international assessments in terms of
standard determination.

International Assessment Instrument
(cont…)
 Two major international assessment instruments:

 Trends in International Mathematics and Science
Study (TIMSS)
 Program for International Student Assessment
(PISA)

TIMSS Assessment
 The TIMSS assessment is carried out by the International

Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA).
 It is done periodically to compare students' achievements globally in
Mathematics and Science.
 Intended to produce information on the input, process and success
of Mathematics and Science education to improve the teaching and
learning policies and processes of both subjects.
 It started in 1995 and operated every four years.
 Beginning from the third cycle (2003), only Year 4 (Grade 4) and
Form Two (Grade 8) students are selected for assessment.

TIMSS Assessment (cont…)
 In the sixth cycle assessment (2015), data is collected from parents

and TIMSS Advanced has been conducted.
 TIMSS Advanced assesses final year high school students (Form 5
in Malaysia) for the achievement of Advanced Mathematics and
Physics.
 Questions are provided by expert panels from around the world that
are wide-ranging and open.
 For administration in Malaysia, questions are provided in bilingual,
English and Malay.
 In addition to the test, TIMSS assessments also involve
questionnaires for students, parents, teachers and schools.





 Malaysia's ranking in the TIMSS assessment has

dropped, from 16th position in 1999 to 26th position in
2011.
 For Science, Malaysia's ranking dropped from 22nd place
in 1999 to 32nd place in 2011.
 The average Mathematics and Science score for
Malaysia in 2011 was 440 and 426.
 According to the TIMSS criteria, a score of less than 500
points is considered as unsatisfactory.

Acievement of 10
best countries in
TIMSS 2011

PISA Assessment
 The PISA Assessment is done by Organization for Economic

Cooperation and Development (OECD).
 This assessment is conducted to determine the achievement of
15-year-olds worldwide in Mathematics, Science and Reading
literacy. Students' ability to solve problems in collaboration is also
assessed.
 The purpose of PISA assessment is to determine the
achievement of 15-year-old students at the end of schooling to
acquire the necessary knowledge and skills; and to apply the
knowledge and skills to become effective citizen and community
(OECD, t.t.).

PISA Assessment (cont…)
 This assessment began in 2000 and is conducted every three years.

 In each cycle, one of the main domains – Science, Mathematics or
Reading will be given priority.
 There are three achievements obtained from the assessment of
PISA:
 Basic profile for the knowledge and skills acquired by students.
 Guidelines showing how the knowledge and skills gained can be
attributed to demographic, social, economic and educational
variables.
 Guidelines for trends showing changes in success and
distribution levels as well as in variable relationships and
success at levels of students, schools and systems.

 Questions are provided by experts panel from around the

world and are varied and open-ended; organized by groups.
 Each question group is based on a stimulus or quote related
to daily life.
 In 2012, a total of 510,000 students from 65 countries have
been assessed. Then, the number of countries has increased
to 72 by 2015.

Example 1
Adnin runs the used Proton car business. There are four models
of used Proton cars, namely Saga, Waja, Persona and Perdana.
In June, Adnin began selling Saga and Waja cars. In July, Adnin
was able to sell Pesona and Perdana. The following graph shows
the sales of the cars at Adnin store.



Malaysia's ranking in PISA's assessment in

2012 was at 52nd place out of 65 countries.
Malaysia earned 421 points for Mathematics,
420 points for Science and 398 points for
Reading.
Achievements for these three areas are below
the global average.

Performance
of 10 best
countries for
PISA 2012

Conclusion
 The education system in Malaysia is said to be too exam-oriented that

the achievement of the examination is the ultimate goal of a learning
and the purpose of teaching is merely for examinations.
 Questions in the public examinations in Malaysia were found to be
lacking in terms of the ability on higher-order thinking skills.
 School-based assessment (PBS) was introduced as traditional
assessments were found to be less capable of accurately testing
student achievement and potential. However, there are some
problems with PBS implementation.

Conclusion (cont…)
 The main reason for authentic assessment as the current trend

of assessment is because the assessment can test the students'
ability more accurately; and the scope of authentic assessments
is broader and usually associated with students’ life after school
age. However, authentic assessments also have weaknesses.
 Online assessment is in line with current assessment trends,

which are valuation as learning and assessment for learning.

Conclusion (cont…)
 The TIMSS assessment aims to produce information on inputs,

processes and the success of Mathematics and Science education;
to improve the teaching and learning policies and processes of both
subjects.
 The PISA assessment is aimed at determining the achievement of

15-year-old pupils at the end of schooling to acquire the necessary
knowledge and skills as well as to apply the knowledge and skills to
become effective citizens and members of society.


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TOPIC 8

 Understand current trends of the assessment in Malaysia.

SPG Pentaksiran dalam Pendidikan All Rights Reserved

 Latest trends : Efforts to reduce the emphasis on

SPG Pentaksiran dalam Pendidikan All Rights Reserved

 The education system in Malaysia, is exam-oriented.

SPG Pentaksiran dalam Pendidikan All Rights Reserved

 The examination-oriented education system is not in

SPG Pentaksiran dalam Pendidikan All Rights Reserved

 Most exam questions can be answered by recalled solely.

SPG Pentaksiran dalam Pendidikan All Rights Reserved

 KPM has taken several steps aimed at transforming the

SPG Pentaksiran dalam Pendidikan All Rights Reserved

 The Cabinet meeting dated 17 December 2010 has

 However, the implementation of PBS has raised several

SPG Pentaksiran dalam Pendidikan All Rights Reserved

 Teachers : lack of knowledge and skills in student

SPG Pentaksiran dalam Pendidikan All Rights Reserved

 Due to the concern of the Ministry of Education on the difficulties faced

SPG Pentaksiran dalam Pendidikan All Rights Reserved

 A key argument raised to use authentic assessments is

SPG Pentaksiran dalam Pendidikan All Rights Reserved

 Advantages of authentic assessment:

SPG Pentaksiran dalam Pendidikan All Rights Reserved

 Authentic assessment weaknesses:

SPG Pentaksiran dalam Pendidikan All Rights Reserved

 Advantages of online assessment:

 Weaknesses of online assessment:

SPG Pentaksiran dalam Pendidikan All Rights Reserved

 According to KPM, the Malaysian students performance can not rely

SPG Pentaksiran dalam Pendidikan All Rights Reserved

 Two major international assessment instruments:

SPG Pentaksiran dalam Pendidikan All Rights Reserved

 The TIMSS assessment is carried out by the International

SPG Pentaksiran dalam Pendidikan All Rights Reserved

 In the sixth cycle assessment (2015), data is collected from parents

SPG Pentaksiran dalam Pendidikan All Rights Reserved

SPG Pentaksiran dalam Pendidikan All Rights Reserved

SPG Pentaksiran dalam Pendidikan All Rights Reserved

SPG Pentaksiran dalam Pendidikan All Rights Reserved

SPG Pentaksiran dalam Pendidikan All Rights Reserved

 Malaysia's ranking in the TIMSS assessment has

SPG Pentaksiran dalam Pendidikan All Rights Reserved

SPG Pentaksiran dalam Pendidikan All Rights Reserved

 The PISA Assessment is done by Organization for Economic

SPG Pentaksiran dalam Pendidikan All Rights Reserved

 This assessment began in 2000 and is conducted every three years.

SPG Pentaksiran dalam Pendidikan All Rights Reserved

 Questions are provided by experts panel from around the

SPG Pentaksiran dalam Pendidikan All Rights Reserved

SPG Pentaksiran dalam Pendidikan All Rights Reserved

SPG Pentaksiran dalam Pendidikan All Rights Reserved

SPG Pentaksiran dalam Pendidikan All Rights Reserved

Malaysia's ranking in PISA's assessment in

SPG Pentaksiran dalam Pendidikan All Rights Reserved

SPG Pentaksiran dalam Pendidikan All Rights Reserved

 The education system in Malaysia is said to be too exam-oriented that

SPG Pentaksiran dalam Pendidikan All Rights Reserved

 The main reason for authentic assessment as the current trend

 Online assessment is in line with current assessment trends,

SPG Pentaksiran dalam Pendidikan All Rights Reserved

 The TIMSS assessment aims to produce information on inputs,

 The PISA assessment is aimed at determining the achievement of

SPG Pentaksiran dalam Pendidikan All Rights Reserved