Chemical bonding

Unit 6
Honors Chemistry – 10th grade
Mr. Ali Saad
Lesson objectives

 Students will be able to understand the difference between covalent,

ionic, and metallic bonding, as well as be able to name chemical
compounds.

 NGSS
 HS-PS1.2 Construct and revise an explanation for the outcome of a simple
chemical reaction based on the outermost electron states of atoms, trends in the
periodic table, and knowledge of the patterns of chemical properties.
 PS2.B: Types of Interactions- Attraction and repulsion between electric charges
at the atomic scale explain the structure, properties, and transformations
 Something to Consider:
 Sodium, Na, and chlorine, Cl, are so reactive that they are usually
kept in oil so they don’t react explosively with the moisture in the
air. Yet, when combined together, you get NaCl, which is ordinary
table salt.
 Turn to your partner and try to come up with a hypothesis as to why
this occurs.
Hint – Think of the previous unit on chemical reactivity.
 Naming Compounds

1) The first portion is the metal name, the second portion is the non-metal
name where you add an –ide as the suffix.
Ex: NaCl – The first portion is sodium. The second is chlorine. So this becomes
sodium chloride.
Ex: KF – The first portion is potassium. The second is fluorine. So this becomes
potassium flouride.
 You Try!

 On your guided notes handout, work with your partner to name the
following compounds on the handout. Take about 5 minutes, and then we
will review them as a class.

IONIC COMPOUND NAME

NaF
AgNO3
K2S
FeCO3
 Properties of Ionic Compounds
 Ionic Compounds form when a metal and a nonmetal are bonded
together.
 The metal loses its outer electron while the nonmetal accepts the electron.
 Held together by electrostatic attraction
 Conduct electricity
 High melting point

2Na + Cl2  2NaCl

 A Closer Look

 Once again, the metal transfers the electron to the non-metal. In the case
of NaCl, the sodium gives the outer electron to the chlorine atom.
 In your guided notes, draw the electron transfer from the metal to the non-
metal.
 Hydrates

 Hydrate – with water

 Anhydrous – without water
 Hydrates are simply ionic compounds that are bonded to water molecules.
 Naming Hydrates

1) The first portion of the hydrate is simply the name of the anhydrous ionic
solid.
2) The second portion is the word hydrate, which stands for water, with the
number of water molecules written in the Latin prefix.
Ex. Mg(SO)4 * 7H2O – The first part is just Magnesium sulfate. The second part
has 7 water molecules. The Latin prefix is hepta, so that becomes hepta
hydrate.
Putting it all together we have Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate.
 Latin Prefixes
 Fill in this chart in your guided notes:

Number Name
1 Mono
2 Di
3 Tri
4 Tetra
5 Penta
6 Hexa
7 Hepta
8 Octa
9 Nona
10 deca
 You Try!

 Turn to your partner and fill in these practice problems in your guided notes:

 1) MgCl2 * 5H2O
 2) AlCl3 * 9H2O
 3) LiOH * 2H2O
 4) NaF * 1H2O
 Covalent Bonding
 Occurs between a non-metal and a non-metal.
 Held together through the sharing of electrons.
 Low melting point
 Poor conductor of electricity
 A Closer Look

 Oxygen gas is two oxygen molecules bonded together, and since they are
both non-metals, they create a covalent bond.
 The oxygen molecule is sharing its electrons, creating a covalent bond.
 Metallic Bonding
 The outer electrons become a “sea” of negative charges that attract the
positive ions.
 Arranged in a crystal lattice formation
 Properties of Metallic Bonding

 Occurs between the bonding of 2 or more metals

 High melting points
 Good conductor of electricity
 Malleable and ductile
 Ex. Cu2, AgNi, and common metal alloys such as bronze and steel.
 Differences between bonding

Ionic Metallic Covalent

• Electrons are • Electrons are in a “sea” • Sharing of electrons
transferred of negative charges. • Metal and a non-metal
• High melting point • Occurs only between • Low melting point
• Good conductor of metals • Poor conductor of
electricity • High melting point electricity
• Metal and non-metal • Good conductor of
electricity
Brief Summary
 Strength of Bonds

Increasing Strength
Ionic

Metallic

Covalent
 Practice Problems
 Work with your partner to answer these in your guided notes:
1) Which has a higher melting point: NaCl or H2O. Explain your reasoning.
2) State whether the following are ionic, covalent, or metallic:
- NaF, KOH, LiSO4, NO2, Cu, Hg
3) Critical thinking question: Since we know that water is covalent and it is poor
at conducting electricity, why does tap water, or the water in your pool, a
good conductor of electricity. Think about everything we learned, and state
your hypothesis and your reasoning.
 Wrapping it all up
 In the beginning of the lecture, we proposed this question:
 “Sodium, Na, and chlorine, Cl, are so reactive that they are usually kept in oil so they
don’t react explosively with the moisture in the air. Yet, when combined together, you get
NaCl, which is ordinary table salt.”

 Now that your know more about bonding, create a model showing the electron
movement in NaCl, describing how it forms and why it is extremely stable when its
lone ions are not stable.